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{{Short description|Aspect of education}}{{Multiple issues|{{how-to|date=July 2022}}{{Overly detailed|date=July 2022}}}}{{Use American English|date = April 2020}}{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}}File:SeniorsBIA.JPG|thumb|Graduates from a high school in ConnecticutConnecticutCollege admissions in the United States refers to the process of applying for entrance to institutions of higher education for undergraduate study at one of the nation's colleges or universities.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=109}}Robin Mamlet and Christine VanDeVelde, College Admission: From Application to Acceptance, Step by Step, Three Rivers Press, 2011, Retrieved January 6, 2016 For those who intend to attend college immediately after high school, the college search usually begins in the eleventh grade{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=20}} with most activity taking place during the twelfth grade. Applications to many schools are due in October or November of senior year for Early Decision or Early Action, or in December or January of their senior year for Regular Decision, though the timeline may vary depending on the universities, some having an earlier deadline due to the fact that the admissions process may weigh in more on transcripts. Students at top high schools may often begin the process during their tenth grade or earlier. There are considerable numbers of students who transfer from one college to another, as well as adults older than high school age who apply to college.Millions of high school students apply to college each year, with approximately 4.23 million in the high school graduating age group in 2018–19 and an estimated 3.68 million high school graduates (3.33 million and 0.35 million coming from public and private schools respectively).WEB, NCES Digest of Education Statistics, 2018 Digest Table 219.10,weblink Aug 28, 2019, The number of high school graduates is projected to rise to 3.89 million in 2025–26 before falling to 3.71 million in 2027–28. From within this cohort, the number of first-time freshmen in post-secondary fall enrollment was 2.90 million in 2019, divided between 4-year colleges (1.29 million attending public institutions and 0.59 million attending private) and 2-year colleges (approximately 0.95 million public; 0.05 million private).WEB, NCES Digest of Education Statistics 2018 Digest Table 305.10,weblink Aug 28, 2019, The number of first-time freshmen is expected to continue increasing, reaching 2.96 million in 2028, maintaining the demand for a college education.Students can apply to multiple schools and file separate applications to each school. Recent developments such as electronic filing via the Common Application, now used by about 800 schools and handling 25 million applications, have facilitated an increase in the number of applications per student.WEB, Apr 9, 2019, A majority of U.S. colleges admit most students who apply,weblink Aug 30, 2019, Pew Research Center, WEB, Common App Impact,weblink Aug 30, 2019, Common App, Around 80 percent of applications were submitted online in 2009.NEWS, October 20, 2010, College Admission Trends Include Increased Reliance on Early Decision and Wait Lists, Acceptance Rates on Par Previous Year, States News Service,weblink dead, August 31, 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150924152642weblink">weblink September 24, 2015, About a quarter of applicants apply to seven or more schools, paying an average of $40 per application.NEWS, Lynn O'Shaughnessy, October 19, 2011, Latest Trends in College Admissions: 15 Things You Should Know, CBS News,weblink May 15, 2012, Most undergraduate institutions admit students to the entire college as "undeclared" undergraduates and not to a particular department or major, unlike many European universities and American graduate schools, although some undergraduate programs may require a separate application at some universities. As a general rule, admissions to two-year colleges or community colleges are more simple, often requiring only a high school transcript and in some cases, minimum test score.Recent trends in college admissions include increased numbers of applications, increased interest by students in foreign countries in applying to American universities,NEWS, Graeme Paton, June 6, 2012, British university 'malaise' forcing bright students to US: Growing numbers of bright teenagers are rejecting British universities in favour of those in the United States amid claims they no longer represent value for money, a leading headmaster has warned., The Telegraph, London,weblink January 14, 2013, the proportion of students taking the US college entrance exam in Britain increased by a third last year compared, more students applying by an early method, applications submitted by Internet-based methods including the Common Application and Coalition for College, increased use of consultants, guidebooks, and rankings, and increased use by colleges of waitlists. These trends have made college admissions a very competitive process, and a stressful one for student, parents and college counselors alike, while colleges are competing for higher rankings, lower admission rates and higher yield rates to boost their prestige and desirability. Admission to U.S. colleges in the aggregate level has become more competitive, however, most colleges admit a majority of those who apply. The selectivity and extreme competition has been very focused in a handful of the most selective colleges. Schools at the top 100 ranked U.S. News & World Report had an admit rate below 35% for freshmen{{When|date=March 2023}}, totaling below 200,000 out of 2.90 million total freshmen in all post-secondary institutions.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Participants

File:ART CLASS STUDENTS AT CATHEDRAL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN NEW ULM, MINNESOTA. THE TOWN IS A COUNTY SEAT TRADING CENTER OF... - NARA - 558216.jpg|thumb|High school art students in MinnesotaMinnesota

Students

Applying to colleges can be stressful. The outcome of the admission process may affect a student's life and career trajectory considerably. Entrance into top colleges is increasingly competitive,NEWS, Valerie Strauss , NEWS , MAGAZINE , and many students feel immense pressure during their high school years.Anthony Zurcher, July 25, 2014, BBC News, Ivy League miseducation, Accessed July 26, 2014{{Blockquote|Private and affluent public primary education, test-prep courses, 'enrichment' programmes, volunteer service projects, international travel, music lessons, sports activities – all the high-cost building blocks of the perfect college application – put crushing pressure on the upper middle class and their offspring.|Yale professor William Deresiewicz, quoted in BBC News about his article in The New Republic, 2014}}

Parents

The college applications process can be stressful for parents of teenagers, according to journalist Andrew Ferguson, since it exposes "our vanities, our social ambitions and class insecurities, and most profoundly our love and hopes for our children".NEWS ,

High school counselors

(File:Summit High School Presentation.jpg|thumb|alt=Woman pointing to a Power Point presentation.|High school advisors can help parents understand aspects of the college admissions process.)Some high schools have one or more teachers experienced in offering counseling to college-bound students in their junior and senior years.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=27}} Parents often meet with the school counselor during the process together with the student.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=32}} Advisors recommend that students get to know their school counselor.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=28}} The counselor usually works in conjunction with the guidance department which assists students in planning their high school academic path.School counselors are in contact with colleges year after year and can be helpful in suggesting suitable colleges for a student. Mamlet and VanDeVelde suggest that it is improper for an admissions counselor to tamper with a student's "authentic self".{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=35}} According to their view, ideal counselors have experience with college admissions, meet regularly with college admissions officers, and belong to professional organizations.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|pp=38–39}} Counselors do not complete interviews, write essays, or arrange college visits.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=30}} Most counselors have responsibility for helping many students and, as a result, it is difficult for them to provide individualized help to a particular student; one estimate was that the average ratio for all high schools of students to counselors was 460 to 1. Only about a quarter of public high schools have a counselor devoted to college counseling issues full-time, while almost three-quarters of private schools have a dedicated college counselor. Private school counselors tend to have substantially more contact with university admissions staff than public school counselors.NEWS, Kathleen Kingsbury, January 9, 2009, Dirty Secrets of College Admissions, The Daily Beast,weblink July 7, 2012,

Consultants

Fee-based consultants, some available entirely online,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=45}} can be hired to help a student gain admission, although there are some free programs to help underprivileged youth learn how to fill out applications, write essays, get ready for tests, and work on interviews.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=157–158}} Generally, when hiring a college admissions consultant, parents and students try to understand the consultant's philosophy, learn what services are provided, and whether any help will be offered regarding advice about financial aid or scholarships.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|pp=38–39}} Consultants can help a student select schools to apply to, counsel them on test taking strategies, review scores, help with essay preparation (but not writing), review applications, conduct mock interviews, provide logistical planning, and collaborate with others such as athletic coaches.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|pp=34–35}} Consultants try to keep a low profile; however, one admissions dean explained that she can "sniff out when there has been some adult involved in the process", and admissions personnel may detect varying quality regarding writing samples when one part of an application is polished, while other parts are less polished.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=42}}quoting Jennifer Delahunty, dean of Admissions and Financial Aid at Kenyon College Assistance by consultants or other adults can go to extremes, particularly with hard-to-check variables such as the college essays; according to one view, plagiarism on admissions essays has been a "serious problem", particularly on applications to private universities and colleges.NEWS, Eyder Peralta, September 21, 2011, Survey: Universities Increasingly Admitting Students Based On Wealth, NPR,weblink December 12, 2011, Another risk in hiring a consultant is overpackaging: the applicant appears so smooth and perfect that admissions officers suspect the person is not real but a marketing creation.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=40}}

College admissions staff

(File:Table and banner at college admissions presentation.jpg|thumb|Elite and other universities send admissions officers to high schools and college fairs to encourage high school students to apply. While the chance of admission to highly selective colleges is typically under 10%, increased numbers of applications helps maintain and improve colleges' rankings.)A typical admission staff at a college includes a dean or vice president for admission or enrollment management, middle-level managers or assistant directors, admission officers, and administrative support staff. The chief enrollment management officer is sometimes the highest-paid position in the department, earning $121,000 on average in 2010, while admissions officers average only $35,000, according to one estimate. Admissions officers tend to be in the 30-to-40 age demographic.NEWS , They serve dual roles as counselors and recruiters, and do not see themselves as marketers or salespeople, according to one view.NEWS , They are evaluated on how well they "represent their college, manage their office, recruit staff members, and work with other administrators". Michele Hernandez suggested there were basically two types of officers: a first group of personable, sharp, people-oriented go-getter types who were often recent college grads; a second group was somewhat out-of-touch "lifers" who often did not graduate from a highly selective college.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=1–3}} Officers are generally paid an annual salary, although there have been reports of some recruiters paid on the basis of how many students they bring to a college, such as recruiters working abroad to recruit foreign students to U.S. universities.Many colleges and universities work hard to market themselves, trying to attract the best students and maintain a reputation for academic quality. Colleges spent an average of $585 to recruit each applicant during the 2010 year. There are efforts to make increased use of social media sites such as Facebook to promote their colleges.NEWS , Marketing brochures and other promotional mailings often arrive daily in the hope of persuading high school students to apply to a college. According to Joanne Levy-Prewitt, colleges send "view books" not because they intend to admit them, but "because they want multitudes of students to apply" to improve the college's selectivity and to make sure that they have as many well-qualified applicants as possible from whom to choose the strongest class.NEWS, Joanne Levy-Prewitt, Juniors should be wary of slick college admission come-ons, The Record (Bergen County, NJ), If you are a junior in high school, this winter or spring you are very likely to be inundated with glossy view books and slick brochures, December 30, 2006,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150329064823weblink">weblink dead, March 29, 2015, August 20, 2012, Colleges get access to names and addresses after students give permission to them after taking the PSAT or SAT exams.

Information sources

U.S. News & World Report compiles a directory of colleges and publishes rankings of them, although the rankings are controversial.NEWS, Jacques Steinberg, 'Best Colleges'? Counselors Beg to Differ With U.S. News, The New York Times, May 19, 2011,weblink December 12, 2011, Other sources rank colleges according to various measures, sell guidebooks, and use their rankings as an entry into consulting services. College Board launched a website called BigFuture in 2012 with tools to assist in the admissions process.NEWS ,

Planning

For those intending to enter college immediately after high school, the admissions process usually begins during a student's eleventh grade when a student meets with a guidance counselor, selects some colleges, and perhaps visits a few campuses. The summer before twelfth grade is a time when many applicants finalize application plans and perhaps begin writing essays. Further, they decide whether to apply by early or regular decision. International students may need to take tests showing English-language proficiency such as the TOEFL, IELTS, or PTE Academic. The twelfth grade is when applications are submitted.

Selection of colleges

Rankings

{{U.S. News top 10|caption=The top 10 national universities (red{{nbsp}}(File:Red pog.svg|8px|link=|alt=)) and liberal arts colleges (blue{{nbsp}}(File:Blue pog.svg|8px|link=|alt=)) in the {{U.S. News top 10/year}} U.S. News rankings shows many located in the Northeast. The rankings have generated much controversy.}}There are many college and university rankings, including those by U.S. News & World Report,WEB,weblink U.S. News & World Report rankings, U.S. News & World Report, September 29, 2014, Business Insider,WEB,weblink The 50 Best Colleges in America, Business Insider, Money,MAGAZINE,weblink Money's Best Colleges, Time (magazine), Time, July 31, 2015, Washington Monthly,WEB,weblink Washington Monthly's College Rankings, September 29, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141107154840weblink">weblink November 7, 2014, mdy-all, and Forbes.WEB,weblink Forbes America's Top Colleges Ranking, Forbes, July 20, 2015, Rankings have been the subject of much criticism. Since much of the data is provided by colleges themselves, schools can manipulate the rankings to enhance prestige, such as Claremont McKenna misreporting average SAT statistics,NEWS , and Emory University misreporting student data for "more than a decade",NEWS , as well as reports of false data from the United States Naval Academy and Baylor University.NEWS , There is hypocrisy surrounding rankings: some colleges pretend to loathe the guidebooks that rank them, yet if they get a good write-up, they "wave it around like a bride's garter belt".The choices made by colleges to boost their rankings have been criticized as destructive.NEWS,weblink The Realities of Merit Scholarships, Lynn O'Shaughnessy, May 3, 2012, The College Solution, June 26, 2012, Rankings may not take a college's affordability into account,NEWS , factor in the average student indebtedness after college, or measure how well colleges educate their students. Rankings have been accused of tuning their algorithms to entrench the reputations of a handful of schools while failing to measure how much students learn.NEWS,weblink Playing With Numbers: How U.S. News mismeasures higher education and what we can do about it, Nicholas Thompson, September 2000, Washington Monthly, January 11, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130114232520weblink">weblink January 14, 2013, U.S. News rankings don't measure how much students learn;, mdy-all, Some admission counselors maintain that rankings are poor predictors of a college's overall quality.NEWS , In 2007, members of the Annapolis Group discussed a letter to college presidents asking them not to participate in the U.S. News & World Report "reputation survey".Note: this "reputation survey" makes up 25% of the ranking. A majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the meeting agreed not to participate,WEB, Scott, Jaschik, More Momentum Against 'U.S. News', Inside Higher Ed, June 20, 2007,weblink June 20, 2007, April 12, 2021,weblink dead, although the statements were not binding.WEB, ANNAPOLIS GROUP STATEMENT ON RANKINGS AND RATINGS, Annapolis Group, June 19, 2007,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070626055807weblink">weblink June 26, 2007, Members pledged to develop alternative web-based information formats in conjunction with several collegiate associations.Note: associations include the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities and the Council of Independent Colleges. U.S. News & World Report responded that their peer assessment survey helps to measure a college's "intangibles" such as the ability of a college's reputation to help a graduate win a first job or entrance into graduate school.MAGAZINE, Robert, Morse, About the Annapolis Group's Statement, U.S. News & World Report, June 22, 2007,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070702061309weblink">weblink July 2, 2007, mdy-all, {| class="wikitable "California Institute of Technology>Caltech, Olin College, Cooper Union, Curtis Institute of Music, Juilliard School.Source: Common Data Sets / College announcements and publications!! colspan="5" |Total (56 institutions)! colspan="5" |27 private universities! colspan="5" |6 public universities! colspan="5" |23 liberal arts colleges!! colspan="5" |! colspan="5" |Ivy League, Stanford, MIT, UChicago, Duke, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, Johns Hopkins, Rice, USC, WashU, Tulane, Tufts, Georgetown, Carnegie Mellon, Notre Dame, Emory, NYU, BU, Northeastern! colspan="5" |UCLA, UC Berkeley, Georgia Tech,UNC-Chapel Hill, UMich, UVA! colspan="5" |Pomona, Claremont McK, Swarthmore, Bowdoin, Amherst, Williams, Colby, Barnard, Pitzer, Bates, Harvey Mudd, Colorado Coll, Middlebury, Wesleyan, Hamilton, Haverford, Carleton, Davidson, Wellesley, W&L, Colgate, Grinnell, Vassar!Admit Year (Fall)!Apps!Admits!Enroll!Admit rate!Admit:enroll!Apps!Admits!Enroll!Admit rate!Admit:enroll!Apps!Admits!Enroll!Admit rate!Admit:enroll!Apps!Admits!Enroll!Admit rate!Admit:enroll|2001

645,111	198,815	79,872	30.8%	2.49	415,855	120,124	46,931	28.9%	2.56	138,627	49,041	22,110	35.4%	2.22	90,629	29,650	10,831	32.7%	2.74

|2002

650,908	202,565	82,026	31.1%	2.47	418,230	123,779	48,626	29.6%	2.55	141,166	49,377	22,264	35.0%	2.22	91,512	29,409	11,136	32.1%	2.64

|2003

681,989	206,423	82,544	30.3%	2.50	439,502	126,504	49,491	28.8%	2.56	146,165	50,209	22,262	34.4%	2.26	96,322	29,710	10,791	30.8%	2.75

|2004

699,074	207,238	83,682	29.6%	2.48	453,319	126,441	49,615	27.9%	2.55	144,258	50,923	23,169	35.3%	2.20	101,497	29,874	10,898	29.4%	2.74

|2005

737,493	213,865	83,591	29.0%	2.56	484,023	132,750	49,982	27.4%	2.66	147,507	51,430	22,639	34.9%	2.27	105,963	29,685	10,970	28.0%	2.71

|2006

773,374	217,846	83,900	28.2%	2.60	516,292	135,568	49,507	26.3%	2.74	148,794	52,343	23,589	35.2%	2.22	108,288	29,935	10,804	27.6%	2.77

|2007

822,156	220,200	85,740	26.8%	2.57	543,558	135,918	50,250	25.0%	2.70	163,374	54,788	24,637	33.5%	2.22	115,224	29,494	10,853	25.6%	2.72

|2008

900,502	225,242	85,678	25.0%	2.63	600,623	140,741	50,180	23.4%	2.80	172,826	54,634	24,347	31.6%	2.24	127,053	29,867	11,151	23.5%	2.68

|2009

945,442	237,141	87,201	25.1%	2.72	636,650	148,566	51,285	23.3%	2.90	186,771	58,364	24,830	31.2%	2.35	122,021	30,211	11,086	24.8%	2.73

|2010

1,005,061	241,971	88,208	24.1%	2.74	686,095	151,404	51,658	22.1%	2.93	192,770	59,986	25,175	31.1%	2.38	126,196	30,581	11,375	24.2%	2.69

|2011

1,081,719	242,188	88,691	22.4%	2.73	736,860	147,538	52,383	20.0%	2.82	210,869	64,962	25,092	30.8%	2.59	133,990	29,688	11,216	22.2%	2.65

|2012

1,122,097	239,371	89,921	21.3%	2.66	763,233	143,454	52,109	18.8%	2.75	221,000	66,400	26,537	30.0%	2.50	137,864	29,517	11,275	21.4%	2.62

|2013

1,197,549	237,696	89,586	19.8%	2.65	803,031	141,634	51,826	17.6%	2.73	253,272	67,242	26,461	26.5%	2.54	141,246	28,820	11,299	20.4%	2.55

|2014

1,279,412	242,628	92,713	19.0%	2.62	837,455	142,789	53,096	17.1%	2.69	298,332	70,493	28,230	23.6%	2.50	143,625	29,346	11,387	20.4%	2.58

|2015

1,325,730	240,687	92,548	18.2%	2.60	859,126	140,416	52,895	16.3%	2.65	312,640	70,418	28,160	22.5%	2.50	153,964	29,853	11,493	19.4%	2.60

|2016

1,390,056	242,910	95,213	17.5%	2.55	899,097	139,467	53,542	15.5%	2.60	332,971	74,255	30,204	22.3%	2.46	157,988	29,188	11,467	18.5%	2.55

|2017

1,451,021	238,317	96,667	16.4%	2.47	928,973	135,173	54,826	14.6%	2.47	355,081	73,976	30,301	20.8%	2.44	166,967	29,168	11,540	17.5%	2.53

|2018

1,588,286	225,082	96,815	14.2%	2.32	1,019,631	123,734	54,771	12.1%	2.26	384,589	71,763	30,236	18.7%	2.37	184,066	29,585	11,808	16.1%	2.51

|2019

1,635,975	213,999	95,601	13.1%	2.24	1,056,382	115,137	53,580	10.9%	2.15	383,853	70,249	30,380	18.3%	2.31	195,740	28,613	11,641	14.6%	2.46

|2020

1,602,944	235,872	95,900	14.7%	2.46	1,026,587	128,793	54,022	12.5%	2.38	388,086	76,419	30,872	19.7%	2.48	188,271	30,660	11,006	16.3%	2.79

|2021

1,992,872	226,931	105,549	11.4%	2.15	1,287,398	120,928	59,870	9.4%	2.02	479,225	76,115	32,857	15.9%	2.32	226,249	29,888	12,822	13.2%	2.33

|2022

2,092,503	203,618	99,721	9.7%	2.04	1,328,415	105,240	55,044	7.9%	1.91	521,057	70,094	32,493	13.5%	2.16	243,031	28,284	12,184	11.6%	2.32

Costs

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Sticker versus net price{| class"wikitable sortable" style"float:left; margin-right:1.5em;"

Chronicle of Higher EducationHTTPS://WWW.CHRONICLE.COM/INTERACTIVES/TUITION-AND-FEES, www.chronicle.com, December 27, 2020, {{title missing|date=May 2022}}

!School!Cost|Harvey Mudd|$77,589

U. Chicago	$77,556

Columbia	$76,920

Barnard	$75,524

Duke	$75,031

Scripps	$74,788

Trinity	$74,400

USC	$74,111

U. Penn	$73,960

Amherst	$73,950

Georgetown	$73,882

Most colleges and universities, particularly private ones, have an artificially high and unreliable sticker price while charging most students, by awarding grant and scholarship money, a "discounted price" that varies considerably.NEWS , For example, in 2011–2012, the average sticker price for tuition, fees and living expenses at private colleges, was $38,590 while the average actual cost was $23,060; at public colleges, the average sticker price was $17,130 and the average actual cost was $11,380. The average full-time undergraduate gets $6,500 in grant aid along with $1,000 in tax-based aid to offset tuition and fees.{{Blockquote|Sticker price is the full price colleges list in their brochures and on their websites. Net price is the price students actually pay. Net price accounts for the fact that many students receive grants or scholarships. So it can be considerably lower than sticker price.|Jacob Goldstein, NPR, 2012NEWS , }}Discounting began in the 1970s and was dramatically expanded in the 1990s.NEWS , Sticker prices are set at much higher than the real costs for most students, sometimes more than double, sometimes only one and a half times as high.NEWS,weblink Don't Believe a College Sticker Price, Lynn O'Shaughnessy, May 31, 2011, U.S. News & World Report, May 25, 2012, NEWS , NEWS , Estimates are that 88%NEWS,weblink College costs climb, yet again, Kim Clark, October 29, 2011, CNN Money, May 25, 2012, While community college tuition posted a sharp 8.7% gain, it's still a bargain: only about $3,000 a year for full-time tuition., or 67%NEWS , get some form of discount. The average first-year student may be paying 48% less than the sticker price. Generally, the sticker-to-net price discrepancy is greater at private colleges than public universities.{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin-left:1.5em;"|+ College Access Index|+ Commitment to economic|+ diversity of student body|+ --top 20 schools (2017)--|+ source: The New York TimesNew York Times, Top Colleges Doing the Most for the American Dream, Retrieved May 26, 2017!College!Index

UC-Irvine	1.90

UC-SantaBar	1.61

UC-Davis	1.60

UC-San Diego	1.58

UCLA	1.52

U.Florida	1.46

Amherst	1.44

Pomona	1.43

UC-Berkeley	1.38

Harvard	1.36

Vassar	1.36

Williams	1.35

Princeton	1.34

Wellesley	1.32

Stanford	1.31

Knox	1.30

UNC-Chapel	1.30

Columbia	1.26

Barnard	1.25

Yale	1.22

Colleges use high sticker prices to give themselves wide latitude in how to use funds to attract the best students, as well as entice students with special skills or increase its overall racial or ethnic diversity. The most sought-after students can be enticed by high discounts while marginal students can be charged full price.NEWS , NEWS , Further, the high sticker price is a marketing tool to suggest the overall worth of a college education by encouraging people to think that "schools that cost more must provide a better education". While there was growing concern about escalating college prices, most Americans believed that their personal investment in higher education was sound.NEWS , But discounting adds complexity to decision-making, deterring some students from applying in some instances based on a false sense of unaffordability.NEWS , Students from low-income backgrounds may be discouraged from applying or driven to attend less challenging colleges as a result of undermatching. Many schools now recruit students who pay full cost to subsidize those who can afford to pay much less, resulting in the financial makeup of the student body at some colleges skewed towards mostly affluent students and low-income students but few students from middle-class backgrounds.Nona Willis Aronowitz, October 3, 2014, NBC News, Middle-Class Squeeze: Is an Elite Education Worth $170,000 in Debt?, Retrieved October 3, 2014, "recruiting high-achieving, low-income kids to apply ... 18 percent of Williams students now pay no tuition ... To offset the cost, these schools often aggressively recruit students whose families can pay the full cost" In 2015, however, there were several instances of private colleges reducing their tuition by more than 40%.NBC News, These Two Colleges Plan 'Tuition Reset' With 40 Percent Cut, Retrieved October 12, 2015, "two small private liberal arts colleges are actually cutting tuition next year — by more than 40 percent. Utica College in New York and Rosemont College in Pennsylvania"{{Further|College tuition in the United States}}

Net price calculators

In the fall of 2011, colleges were required by federal law to post a net price calculator on their websites to give prospective students and families a rough estimate of likely college costs for their particular institution,NEWS , NEWS , and to "demystify pricing". A student or family could go online, find the calculator at a college's website, and enter the required financial and academic information, and the calculator will provide a personalized estimate of the likely cost of attending that college. The first online calculators were started by Williams College. The online calculators look at financial need and academic merit to try to estimate the likely discounted price offered to a particular student from a particular college, using information including details from tax returns, household income, grade point averages and test scores. Schools vary in terms of their pricing formulas; some consider home equity as a factor while others disregard it.NEWS,weblink Will Your Home Equity Hurt Financial Aid Chances? A Case Study, Lynn O'Shaughnessy, June 25, 2012, The College Solution, June 26, 2012, There are numerous potential problems with the calculators. Some are difficult to find on a college's website; others require specific financial numbers, possibly leading to errors by parents or students; some are difficult to understand and use; some may be manipulated by schools to increase applications or to make it seem as if a college is "more affordable" than it is. Accuracy of calculator estimates may vary considerably from college to college. Ultimately aid decisions will not be made by calculators, but by humans in the admissions offices.Another tool is the College Board's expected family contribution calculator that can give families an idea of how much college will cost, but not for any particular college.NEWS,weblink Do You Really Expect Me to Pay That Much for College?, Lynn O'Shaughnessy, May 22, 2012, The College Solution, June 26, 2012, {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right;"|+ Elite colleges with highest % of lower income students|+Source: The New York Times 2017The New York Times, January 18, 2017, Some Colleges Have More Students From the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60. Find Yours., Retrieved September 15, 2017!College!Students

UCLA	19%

Emory	16%

Barnard	15%

NYU	14%

Vassar	14%

Bryn Mawr	14%

MIT	14%

U. Miami	14%

Brandeis	13%

Wellesley	13%

{{Further|Student financial aid in the United States}}

Financial aid

File:FAFSA.gov_screenshot_2016-01-04.png|left|thumb|The FAFSAFAFSAThere are many reports that many applicants fail to apply for financial aid when they are qualified for it, with an estimated 1.8 million students in 2006 qualifying for aid but failing to apply.NEWS , Applying for financial aid is recommended by almost all college admissions advisers, even for middle- and upper-class families applying to private colleges. Each college has its own criteria for determining financial need and loans. One advisor counseled against letting the sticker price of a college dissuade a student from applying, since many of the top colleges have strong endowments allowing them to subsidize expenses, such that the colleges are less expensive than so-called "second tier" or state colleges.College advisers suggest that parents keep financial records, including tax forms, business records, to use when applying for financial aid,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=22}} and complete the FAFSA online, using income and tax estimates (usually based on previous years), early in January of their college-bound student's twelfth grade. Admissions officers can see the names of up to nine other colleges a student has applied to. According to several reports, some colleges may deny admission or reduce aid based on their interpretation of the order of colleges on the FAFSA;Ry Rivard, October 28, 2013, Inside Higher Ed, Using FAFSA Against Students, Accessed December 12, 2013, "Now, some colleges use this FAFSA position when considering students' applications for admission, which may affect decisions about admission or placement on the wait list, said David Hawkins"CBS News, Lynn O'Shaughnessy, October 30, 2013, Be careful what you share on the FAFSA, Accessed December 12, 2013, "The order, however, could also be hurting students who list their favorite school as No. 1. If a teenager shows too much interest in a school, the admission office may decide to offer the applicant a lower award because it is assumed that the child will enroll anyway"Liz Weston, Reuters, November 11, 2013, Daily Finance, Colleges May Penalize Students Over Preference on Financial Aid Applications, Accessed December 12, 2013, "Students can list up to 10 schools to receive their financial aid information, and the ones they list first strongly predict which enrollment offers they're likely to accept, college consultants say" accordingly, several sources recommend that colleges be listed alphabetically on the FAFSA to obscure any preferences.Lynn O'Shaughnessy, October 30, 2013, The College Solution, A Dirty Little FAFSA Secret, Accessed December 10, 2013Rachel Fishman, October 28, 2013, Access to Higher Education, Higher Ed Watch, The Dark Side of Enrollment Management {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224151weblink |date=December 17, 2013 }}, Accessed December 13, 2013, "The FAFSA should either not allow institutions to see where students have applied or it should list the institutions in alphabetical order" There are reports that many parents make mistakes when filling out the FAFSA information, and mistakes include failing to hit the "submit" button, visiting an incorrect FAFSA website,Note: there are impostor websites similar to the official government website, sometimes asking for fees; the official FAFSA website is free; see FAFSA for further information leaving some fields blank instead of properly entering a zero, spelling names or entering social security numbers or estimating tax data incorrectly. Since FAFSA formulas assume 20% of a student's assets can be used for college expenses as opposed to 6% of a parent's assets, advisors recommend moving funds from student to parent accounts before filing the FAFSA, including moving funds to a parent-controlled 529 plan tax-advantaged account. Filing taxes early is recommended, but using estimates for FAFSA from previous years is possible provided the numbers are updated later after taxes are filed. There are no fees for applying on the FAFSA site. According to one source, the best time to begin searching for scholarships is before the twelfth grade, to guarantee meeting deadlines. Several reports confirm that it is important to file aid forms such as the CSS Profile early in the school year.NEWS, Lynn O'Shaughnessy, November 29, 2011, Take First Step to Apply for College Financial Aid, U.S. News & World Report,weblink July 7, 2012, MAGAZINE , In addition to cost factors, increasingly colleges are being compared on the basis of the average student debt of their graduates, and U.S. News & World Report has developed rankings based on average student indebtedness.NEWS , A report in the Utne Reader chronicled substantial student indebtedness, and suggested that 37 million Americans in 2009 held student debt, and that nine in ten students used an average of 4.6 credit cards to pay for some educational expenses.Student Debt, by the numbers, Utne Reader, July–August 2012, page 39 The report chronicled an increase in average indebtedness from an average of $2,000 in 1980–81 to over $25,000 in 2009, as well as substantial decreases in Federal aid and Pell grants during that time period.U.S. News & World Report and others suggest another factor overlooked in terms of financing college, which is the length of time it takes to earn a degree. Finishing a year early (in three years) lops off a substantial portion of the overall bill, while taking five years compounds the expense and delays entry into the workforce. Jacques Steinberg suggested that many college-bound students calculate how much debt they were likely to incur each year, and he suggested that debt for all four years of college should total less than the graduate's expected first year's salary after college, and preferably under $40,000.NEWS , A handful of schools have "free tuition" policies for low income students, so that they graduate loan-free.NEWS , WEB,weblink High School GPA Calculator,

Colleges by type

File:Alice_Tully_Hall_(48047494177).jpg|thumb|Some colleges focus on particular disciplines or subjects, such as the Juilliard School in New York City, which specializes in the performing artsperforming artsMost educational institutions in the U.S. are nonprofit.WEB,weblink Table 1. Number and percentage distribution of Title IV institutions, by control of institution, level of institution, and region: United States and other jurisdictions, academic year 2009–10, National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 2011, January 24, 2012, Colleges and universities in the U.S. vary in terms of goals: some may emphasize a vocational, business, engineering or technical curriculum while others may emphasize a liberal arts curriculum. Many combine some or all of the above. Another consideration is the male-female ratio; overall, 56% of enrolled college students are women, but the male-female ratio varies by college, year, and program. Admissions guidance counselors can offer views about whether a public or private school is best, and give a sense of the tradeoffs.Two-year colleges are often county- or community-oriented schools funded by state or local governments, and typically offer the associate degree (AA). They are generally inexpensive, particularly for in-state residents, and are focused on teaching, and accept most applicants meeting minimum grade and SAT score levels. Students commute to school and rarely live in dorms on campus. These schools often have articulation arrangements with four-year state public schools to permit students to transfer. Consultants suggest that community colleges are reasonably priced, and after two years with solid grades and academic performance, many colleges are willing to accept transfers.Four-year colleges offer Bachelor of Arts (BA or AB) or Bachelor of Science (BS or SB) degrees. These are primarily undergraduate institutions, although some might have limited programs at the graduate level. Graduates of the tuition-free United States service academies receive both a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission.Universities have both undergraduate and graduate students. Graduate programs grant a variety of master's degrees as well as the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Medical schools award either the MD or DO degrees while law schools award the JD degree. Both public and private universities are usually research-oriented institutions.File:Pomona_College_wHY_1268.jpg|thumb|Liberal arts colleges like Pomona College emphasize liberal arts educationliberal arts educationLiberal arts colleges are four-year institutions that emphasize interactive instruction, although research is still a component of these institutions. They are usually residential colleges with most students living on campus in dorms. They tend to have smaller enrollments, class sizes, and lower student-teacher ratios than universities, and encourage teacher-student interaction with classes taught by full-time faculty members rather than graduate students known as teaching assistants. There are further distinctions within the category of liberal arts colleges: some are coeducational, women's colleges, or men's colleges. There are historically black colleges; in addition, while most schools are secular, some stress a particular religious orientation. Most are private colleges but there are some public ones.State colleges and universities are usually subsidized with state funds and tend to charge lower tuitions to residents of that state. They tend to be large, sometimes with student bodies numbering in the tens of thousands, and offer a variety of programs. They are generally less selective in terms of admissions than elite private schools and are usually less expensive, sometimes half or a third as much as a private institution for in-state residents. There are reports that due to recent budget shortfalls, many state schools are trying to attract higher-paying out-of-state residents.NEWS , In the past few years, competition for spots in public institutions has become more intense, with some state schools such as the State University of New York reporting record numbers of students accepting their offers of admission.NEWS , There are reports that tuition at state universities is rising faster than at private universities.NEWS,weblink PBS: 'Ten Steps to College' (transcript), Howard and Matthew Greene, October 22, 2003, Washington Post, May 19, 2012, Flagship state universities are usually the most prominent public schools in a state, often being the oldest and most well-funded.WEB , File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - United States Military Academy at West Point.jpg|thumb|alt=Outdoors men in gray uniforms throwing hats in the air.|Specialty colleges such as the United States service academies have particular admissions requirements; applicants must be nominated by their congressperson.]]

Methods of college entry

Test preparation courses

There are conflicting reports about the usefulness of test preparation courses. Mamlet and VanDeVelde suggest that "most students don't need a coach or a class" and that the single largest factor was "familiarity with the test". Another report agreed that SAT/ACT prep courses were a waste of money and that taking a few practice exams, and understanding how each test works, was all that was needed.NEWS, Jay Mathews, January 20, 2012, 5 wrong ideas about college admission, Washington Post,weblink May 18, 2012,

Standardized admissions tests

In 2003, according to one estimate, 1.4 million students took the SAT and 1.4 million also took the ACT test, paying about $50 per test. Generally counselors suggest that students should plan on taking the SAT or ACT test twice, so that a low score can possibly be improved.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=98}} One advisor suggested that students with weak SAT or ACT scores could consider applying to colleges where these measures were optional.NEWS,weblink College Options (And Strategies) for the 'B' and Even 'C' Student, Theo Emery, September 25, 2009, The New York Times, December 12, 2011, One suggested retaking the tests if there are "subpar test scores" in September and October (if applying early admission) or November and December (if applying regular admission.)MAGAZINE, Stacey Kostell, Michele Hernandez, Steve Loflin, Katherine Cohen, October 12, 2011, How Can High School Seniors Improve Odds of College Admissions?,weblink U.S. News & World Report, December 12, 2011, Generally over half of eleventh graders retaking the SAT or ACT tests during the twelfth grade saw improvements in their scores. Colleges vary in terms of how much emphasis they place on these scores.NEWS, Hunter, Jeffrey G., Samter, Wendy, A college admission test protocol to mitigate the effects of false negative SAT scores, Journal of College Admission, According to Gandara and Lopez (1998), SAT scores will be weighted anywhere from "almost not at all" to "heavily" in the admission decision, depending upon the college or university., July 1, 2000,weblinkweblink" title="archive.today/20130125041452weblink">weblink dead, January 25, 2013, August 20, 2012, A consensus view is that most colleges accept either the SAT or ACT, and have formulas for converting scores into admissions criteria, and can convert SAT scores into ACT scores and vice versa relatively easily.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|p=57}} The ACT is reportedly more popular in the midwest and south while the SAT is more popular on the east and west coasts.{| style="float:right; width:30em; font-weight:bold; border:solid 1px #999999; font-size:.9em; line-height:1.3em; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"style="color:#000080; font-size:1.1em;" align="center" valign="top"|ACT test|SAT teststyle="color:#800000;" valign="top"|Content-based test|Tests reasoning abilitystyle="color:#10365B;" valign="top"|Emphasizes higher math|Emphasizes vocabularystyle="color:#2A6B35;" valign="top"|Longer questions|Trickier questionsstyle="color:#0581F1;" valign="top"|More popular in south & midwest|More popular in east & weststyle="color:#266F5E;" valign="top"|Science reasoning section|Vocabulary sectionstyle="color:#630C75;" valign="top"

Mamlet	p=92}}|No penalty for wrong answersRenee Dudley, September 21, 2016, Reuters, Despite warnings, College Board redesigned SAT in way that may hurt neediest students, Retrieved October 12, 2016, "no penalty for guessing wrong, ... encourages students to answer every question ... simply earn points for the questions you answer correctly"Note: SAT updated in 2016

style="color:#10365B;" valign="top"

Hernandez	p=57}}|Fewer options

style="color:#0581F1;" valign="top"|Difficult questions randomly interspersed|Difficulty progresses within each sectionRegarding whether to choose the SAT or ACT, the consensus view is that both tests are roughly equivalent and tend to bring similar results, and that each test is equally accepted by colleges. Reporter Jacques Steinberg in The New York Times suggested that admissions deans repeatedly inform him that colleges view the ACT and SAT tests equally and do not have a preference.NEWS, Jacques Steinberg, Q. & A. College Admissions; ACT vs. SAT: Deciding Which Exam to Take, The New York Times, September 12, 2010,weblink May 15, 2012, At the same time, small differences between the tests may translate into a slight benefit for the test-taker. One report suggested that the SAT favors "white male students" from upper income backgrounds.NEWS, Sarah Gonzalez, SAT Tests Favor White, Male Students, Book Argues, NPR Florida, November 10, 2011,weblink May 15, 2012, Another report suggests that the ACT has more questions geared to higher levels of high school mathematics, suggesting that students who do well in math may perform better, but that the SAT is a better choice for students with an excellent vocabulary. According to one view, the SAT is more focused on testing reasoning ability while the ACT is more of a content-based test of achievement.WEB, ACT vs SAT: Key differences between the ACT and SAT, Studypoint.com, 2012,weblink June 22, 2012, In addition, according to this view, some SAT questions can be trickier and harder to decipher while some ACT questions may be longer; question difficulty progresses within each SAT section while difficult questions are randomly interspersed in the ACT; the SAT has a separate vocabulary section while the ACT has a separate science reasoning section. In 2016 the SAT was updated to remove the penalty for random guessing; the College Board advises that test-takers will benefit by guessing.

SAT Subject Tests

Many colleges require, recommend, or consider SAT Subject Tests in the admissions process. One described them as "true equalizers" in admissions, suggesting how strong a high school is, and elaborated that some admissions officers consider them to be a better indicator of academic ability than high school grades.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=59–65}} Another suggested that selective colleges emphasize SAT Subject Tests, while public colleges place less emphasis on them.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=94}} The SAT Subject Tests were discontinued by the College Board at the beginning of 2021.

Advanced Placement tests

There was a report that scores on Advanced Placement exams could be helpful in the evaluations process.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|p=97}} One report suggested there was a limit on the number of AP tests that should be taken, such that taking 12 AP tests was not as helpful as taking five and doing well on those five.

Interviews

There are differing recommendations about the importance of interviews, with the consensus view that interviews were overall less important than college admissions essays, but should be done if they were offered. One advisor suggested that visits by college admissions personnel to the high schools were a waste of time for colleges, since there was not enough time to get to know specific applicants.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|p=107}} In addition, she felt that personal interviews were generally overrated, though she noted that many Ivies have alumni interviews, which can help in borderline situations.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=153–156}} One counselor suggested that if an interview was offered by a college admissions program, then it was not really optional but it should be seen as a requirement, that is, not going to such an interview could be detrimental to a student's chances for admission. Another suggested that a student should try to get an interview, even if it was not required, since it might help "exhibit character strengths" that might not show up via grades on high school transcripts. Several reports noted that most Ivy League schools have abandoned the interview requirement, but that if there is an opportunity for an interview, even with an alumnus of the college, then it is a good idea to do it since not doing it signals a lack of interest in the school.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=153–156}} Knowing a college can be helpful during an interview, so that an applicant can say something specific about the school, or a professor who teaches there, or a subject or internship opportunities, since it shows sincere interest.MAGAZINE, Marc Silver, August 16, 2010, Rocketing Past the College Admissions Blunders: Deans and college counselors have seen it all, from the sublime to the ridiculous.,weblink U.S. News & World Report, December 12, 2011, {{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=153–156}} Interviews (if offered) may be more of a factor at small liberal arts colleges:{{Blockquote|Our advice is that if offered an interview, a student should take it ... And they should dress as if they are going to dinner with their grandparents. The biggest faux pax comes in inappropriate dress for both sexes. Spaghetti straps, buttons that pop open. For boys a rumpled T-shirt ... If you look in the mirror and you think you look good, change your clothes. This is not a date.|Mamlet and VanDeVelde}}File:Trinity_College_Hartford_Admissions_building.jpg|thumb|The admissions office of Trinity College in Hartford, ConnecticutHartford, ConnecticutOne suggested that a goal of interview preparation should be to present oneself as "comfortable with spontaneous conversation" and be able to talk about interests without sounding like the answers were prepared in advance, and suggested it was important to show intellectual passion and a love of learning with a deep excitement, and show "social maturity" with sensitivity, empathy for others unlike oneself, and concern for issues larger than personal career ambitions.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=29, 36, 38, 83–96}} Applicants should have an attitude that was not be what can the college offer but what can the student offer the college, avoid asking questions about facts better answered elsewhere, and show an openness to new ideas, an ability to work cooperatively with others, ambition, and caring about others.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=62, 66, 67}} Interviewees should be ready for sometimes provocative questions to test social sensitivity; if an interviewer asks a "baiting or leading question", an applicant should respond by laughing while politely disagreeing with the perspective, and to keep trying to enjoy the conversation with the interviewer.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=93}} Another advisor suggested that students must be prepared to answer the question What is your biggest failure in an interview.Sanjay Solomon, January 30, 2015, The Boston Globe, Can a Failure Resume Help You Succeed?, Retrieved January 30, 2016, "Asking 'what is your biggest failure?' is an opportunity [for an interviewer] to get a reality check and to put a little pressure on this person" Applicants should avoid sounding snide, annoyed, contemptuous, and avoid describing oneself as humiliated, bored, depressed, angry, shy, inhibited, anxious, frightened, and frustrated,{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=110–122}} and should be upbeat but avoid going for the hard sell.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=110–122}} Another report suggested that shy or timid applicants were at a disadvantage.NEWS , Another advisor suggested that a student try to find a common bond with the interviewer, and send a brief follow-up letter afterwards.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=157–158}}Due to the Coronavirus pandemic, colleges began offering interviews over video conferencing platforms such as Zoom.WEB, 2020-10-21, Virtual College Interviews: Everything You Need to Know,weblink 2021-10-30, blog.collegevine.com,

Essays

File:Sign saying Common Application Membership.jpg|thumb|The Common ApplicationCommon ApplicationThere are differing opinions about the importance of the college essay. The consensus view is that the essay is less important than grades and test scores, but that an essay can make a difference in some instances, often at highly selective colleges where they can "make or break your application". There was one report that essays were becoming more important as a way to judge a student's potential and that essays have supplanted personal interviews as a primary way to evaluate a student's character.The Common Application requires that personal statements be 250 to 650 words in length.WEB,weblink How to Apply: Stanford University, admission.stanford.edu, en, 2018-10-28, Although applicants may strive to reach the word limit, college admissions officers emphasize that the most important part is honing and rewriting:{{Blockquote|Writing is easy; rewriting is hard. And essays deserve to be rewritten several times. Lots of kids think the objective is to write about something that will impress the admission office. In part that is true, but what impresses an admission officer is an essay that conveys something positive about the applicant; that allows the committee to get to know the kid just a bit from those few pieces of paper. The essay is an opportunity to provide a different perspective about the applicant, a reason to accept a kid. It is an opportunity not to be wasted.}}Advisors suggest that the essay should be concise, honest (with no embellishments), coherent, not boring, accurate, and visually evocative. The essay should reveal a likeable and intelligent individual. It should approach humor and controversial topics with caution and balance.MAGAZINE,weblink 10 Tips for Writing the College Application Essay, Jeremy S. Hyman, September 15, 2010, December 12, 2011, U.S. News & World Report, Lynn F. Jacobs, Jonathan Reider, Other tips include avoiding jargon or abbreviations, overly emotional appeals, profanity or texttalk (example: Schools H8 2 C texttalk), or artiness (e.g. poetry in an application) or cockiness.Former guidance counselor for students at Andover and college admissions authority Donald Dunbar suggested that essays must emphasize personal character and demonstrate intellectual curiosity, maturity, social conscience, concern for the community, tolerance, and inclusiveness.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=ix}} He advises to not merely "be yourself", but show your "best self".{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=11–21}} Dunbar furthermore claims that demonstrating class participation suggests a "willingness to go beyond selfishness" and shows enthusiasm for learning.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=25}} Alan Gelb suggests that the only "no-no" is "shameless self-promotion".NEWS , Topics to avoid{{according to whom|date=October 2016}} include babysitting experiences, pets, encounters with illegal drugs or alcohol or criminal activity,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} excuses to explain a low grade,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} stories about a former home or big brother or sister,{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=34}} a simple listing of achievements,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} expressing thanks for being chosen as a leader, talking about a "wilderness leadership course",{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=67–68}} general complaining or whining,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} racism or sexism or disrespect for groups of people,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} bad taste or profanity or vulgarity or bathroom humor,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} early love or sex experiences,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} criticism or disrespect for parents,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} telling only jokes,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} excessive bragging or too many instances of the "I" pronoun,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}}For example: "I did this, I did that, then I did this" and on and on. personal health information about yourself or a friend or a family member,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} and copy-and-pasting a term paper in the essay form{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} such as about global warming or the European debt crisis. Applicants should refrain from express opinions too strongly as if no counterviews were possible.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=207}} The topic should be something the applicant cares about,{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=50}} and should show leadership in the sense of "asserting yourself to help others have more success". According to Dunbar, leadership is not necessarily about being in charge such as being the team captain or school president.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=54}} Applicants should present a broad perspective and avoid simplistic words such as never, always, only, or nobody, which suggest narrow thinking.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=136+}} Dunbar advised against the standard "tell 'em what you've told 'em" essay formula but doing something different, interesting, and exciting.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=147}}Former admissions director Michele Hernandez agreed, and suggested that the best essay topics were a slice-of-life story with poignant details, in which the writer shows and does not tell.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=130–136}} She suggested that a student show their essay to a literate friend and ask if would they admit this person to the college.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=130–136}} She recommended that applicants not try to come across as a "preppy well-off kid" but downplay parental status.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=6–9}} Advisors Mamlet and VanDeVelde suggest that students proactively try to explain an unusual grade, such as a low grade in a core course.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=58}} There are online databases available to help students write cogent essays.NEWS, Anders, George, What Essays Thrill Elite Schools? These Teens Will Show You,weblink March 17, 2015, Forbes, December 1, 2014,

Teacher recommendations

Many colleges ask for teacher recommendations, typically from eleventh or twelfth grade teachers of core courses who know the student well. A counselor recommendation is often requested as well. One report suggested that having more than four recommendations was a mistake, as a "thick file" indicated a "thick student" to admissions personnel. Teacher recommendations are becoming less important as a rating measure, according to one report.NEWS , In addition, a few colleges are asking for recommendation letters from parents to describe their child:{{Blockquote|You might think they do nothing but brag ... But parents really nail their kids. They really get to the essence of what their daughter is about in a way we can't get anywhere else.|Deb Shaver, director of admissions at Smith CollegeNEWS , }}

Other considerations

File:Elmira_College_Office_of_Admissions.jpg|thumb|The Office of Admissions at Elmira CollegeElmira CollegeAdvisors counsel that applicants should meet deadlines,MAGAZINE, Diana Hanson, Esther Walling, Craig Meister, Kristen Tabun, November 16, 2011, Which College Admissions Deadline Should You Choose?,weblink U.S. News & World Report, December 12, 2011, {{sfn|Hernandez|2009|p=153}} spend time researching colleges, be open-minded,NEWS, Valerie Strauss (interviewer) Angel B. Perez (interviewee), March 7, 2010, College admissions strategies: Don't listen to friends, and more, The Washington Post,weblink December 12, 2011, have fun, communicate what "resonates" to the applicant about a particular school, not fall in love with one or two colleges,MAGAZINE, Carolyn Butler, September 13, 2011, Follow 7 Strategies to Get Into College: To stand out in the admissions game, prepare early and use common sense,weblink U.S. News & World Report, December 12, 2011, follow directions precisely and make sure to click the "submit" button. Rudeness towards staff members, feigning enthusiasm, and being pretentious are other turnoffs reported by admissions officers. There is strong consensus among counselors and advisors that starting the college search early is vital. One recommends starting early in the twelfth grade; another suggests that even this is too late, and that the process should begin during the eleventh grade and summer before twelfth grade.MAGAZINE , And sources suggest that students who begin the process earlier tend to earn more acceptance letters. Another advantage of beginning early is so that applications can be proofread for mistakes. Advisors suggest that emails should be sent to specific persons in the admissions office, not to a generalized inbox. Advisors suggest that applicants sending in paper applications should take care that handwriting is legible, particularly email addresses. Advisors counsel that mistakes or changes should be explained somewhere in the application; for example, an adviser at Grinnell College suggested that a record need not be perfect but there must be an "explanation for any significant blip". Advisors suggest that applicants should "own up to any bad behavior" such as suspensions since schools are "dutybound to report them", and suggest that a person should "accept responsibility and show contrition for "lessons learned", according to one view.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|p=137}} Disciplinary actions are usually reported to the colleges by the high school as a matter of course. Advisors suggest that the application should help a student position themselves to create a unique picture. It helps, according to one advisor, if a person knows himself or herself, because that enables an applicant to communicate effectively with a prospective school. A report in The New York Times in 2016 suggested that some universities were considering changing their admissions guidelines to be more inclusive of less affluent applicants, to put less emphasis on standardized test and AP scores, and to put more emphasis on determining "which students' community-service projects are heartfelt and which are merely window dressing"; the report suggested that college admissions policies were often "cited as a culprit in sleep deprivation, anxiety and depression among students".Frank Bruni, January 19, 2016, The New York Times, Rethinking College Admissions, Accessed January 19, 2016Lisa Heffernan and Jennifer Wallace, January 20, 2016, The Washington Post, To get into college, Harvard report advocates for kindness instead of overachieving, Retrieved January 20, 2016, "Parents, educators and college administrators have long wrestled with the unintended negative side effects ... intense focus on personal achievement and the unfair advantages of more affluent students."

International applications

{{Multiple image| image1 = TOEFL Logo.svg| image2 = IELTS logo.svg| direction = vertical| footer = Many schools ask that non-native English speakers provide TOEFL or IELTS scores}}International students form a large and growing percentage of applicants to American universities.WEB,weblink International Student Enrollments Increase in 2010/11, September 29, 2014, According to Andover counseling director Sean Logan, applications to American universities from foreign students have increased dramatically in the past decade. International applications are typically similar to domestic ones but with additional complications. Most international applicants do not receive a GPA score or transcript from their school.WEB,weblink Apply to uni in the USA – The Student Room – The Student Room, The Student Room, September 29, 2014, Most will not normally take SAT or ACT exams, so these must be arranged. Most American universities are happy to accept international qualifications such as the International Baccalaureate and A Levels,NEWS,weblink London, The Daily Telegraph, Andrew, Halls, The American dream: How to apply to a US university, September 29, 2011, although it is often up to the applicant to elaborate on the meaning of these qualifications.WEB,weblink US Admissions Criteria – Undergraduate Study in the USA – US-UK Fulbright Commission, September 29, 2014, Non-native English speakers may be asked to provide English language qualifications such as TOEFL or IELTS scores. If a university requires or offers an interview, these can normally be conducted over the phone or with alumni residing in the applicant's country.WEB,weblink Study Abroad Grants – Study Abroad Funding – University In The USA, September 29, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141225040629weblink">weblink December 25, 2014, mdy-all, NEWS,weblink London, The Daily Telegraph, Janette, Wallis, Why study in the US could be a bright idea, October 7, 2011, International applicants often must cope with higher tuition fees and less available financial aid, although this varies significantly by college. Further, international applicants must also apply for a student visa, which can be a complex and time-consuming process.WEB,weblink Apply to Study in America | International Study, 2013-01-14, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130124222427weblink">weblink January 24, 2013, mdy-all, College admissions officers are generally looking to build a well-rounded class and look for students who will complement each other. Consequently, many schools are looking for students who are passionate and excel at particular things, and candidates who fulfill certain institutional needs rather than a "well-rounded kid".NEWS,weblink For a Standout College Essay, Applicants Fill Their Summers, Jenny Anderson, August 5, 2011, The New York Times, December 12, 2011, {{Blockquote|Colleges are looking for ... the well-rounded class. Colleges put together their entering class as a mosaic: a few great scholars for each academic department; a handful of athletes; some musicians, dancers, and theater stars; a few for racial and economic diversity; some potential club leaders, etc. Colleges want a kid who is devoted to – and excels at – something. The word they most often use is passion.|Steve Cohen in The Washington Post, 2011}}{{Blockquote|Colleges want students who have demonstrated through their actions an ability to see and connect with a world that is larger than they are.|Robin Mamlet and Christine Vandevelde, 2011{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=69}}}}Institutional needs include athletics and music as well as geographical, cultural, racial, and socioeconomic diversity (Pell Grant recipients, first-generation students).Some schools, particularly public universities, will use admissions criteria which are almost entirely formulaic in certain aspects of admission. For example, they may be required by statute to admit a minimum number of in-state students, or to guarantee admission to students graduating the top 6% of their high school class, or to guarantee admission to valedictorians. Many admits, however, are made on the basis of subjective judgments regarding the student's "fit" for the institution.NEWS, Kayla Webley, April 12, 2012, How Colleges Really Make Admissions Decisions, Time,weblink May 17, 2012, Admissions offices must read through thousands of applications, each of which include transcripts, letters of recommendation, and the application itself.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|p=104}} In 2009, the average admissions officer was responsible for analyzing 514 applications, and officers have experienced an upward trend in the number of applications they must read over time. A typical college application receives only about 25 minutes of reading time, including three to five minutes for the personal essay if it is read.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=6}}Larger admissions offices will have specialists assigned to cover different regions, and individual officers may act liaison for a regional set of high schools developing a deep understanding of their curriculum and rigor. The reading and preliminary admit / deny decision may be divided up into committees of readers, and borderline candidates are then discussed more collectively. Some admissions offices use a scoring system in an effort to normalize the many applicants. Criteria include standardized test scores (generally ACT and/or SAT), college prep courses, grades (as shown in the high school transcript), strength of curriculum, class rank, degree of extracurricular involvement, and leadership potential. A combination of these can be used to derive an academic index.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=66–71}} For example, at Dartmouth College, data goes into a master card for each application, which leads to a ready sheet, where readers summarize applications; then, an initial screening is done: top applications go directly to the director of admissions for approval while lackluster ones go to another director.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=110–111}} Dartmouth uses "A" for accept, "R" for reject, "P" for possible, with "P+" and "P-" being variants.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=110–111}} A committee might spend a week with the "P" ones, of which they only accept about a sixth.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=110–111}}Many colleges also rely on personal essay(s) written by the applicant and letters of recommendation written by the applicant's teachers and guidance counselor. One principal benefit of the essay lies in its ability to further differentiate students who have perfect or near-perfect grades and test scores. Institutions place different weight on these criteria: for example, "test optional" schools do not require or even accept the SATs for admission.NEWS,weblink 10 colleges that don't require SAT or ACT scores, 2018-07-13, Unigo.com, 2018-10-28, Some factors are beyond a student's control, such as a college's need in a given year for diversity, legacy applicants, or athletic recruiting.Some colleges hire statistical experts known as "enrollment consultants" to help them predict enrollment by developing computer models to select applicants in such a way as to maximize yield and acceptance rates.NEWS, Daniel Golden, May 29, 2001, Glass Floor: Colleges Reject Top Applicants, Accepting Only the Students Likely to Enroll, The Wall Street Journal,weblink dead, December 31, 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120426082540weblink">weblink April 26, 2012, mdy-all, Some of these models take into account factors such as an applicant's "zip code, religion, first-choice major and extracurricular interests, as well as academic performance". Some colleges extract information from the federal FAFSA financial aid form, including names of other schools the applicant is applying to.

Academic evaluation

File:Baker-Library-Dartmouth-College-Hanover-New-Hampshire-05-2018a.jpg|thumb|Dartmouth CollegeDartmouth College

High school grades, rigor of curriculum, and college prep courses

High school academic performance is generally the single most important factor in winning admission. Maintaining high grades is particularly important for the fall semester of twelfth grade. Academic performance in core courses is especially important.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=57}} An ideal academic record is one of increasingly better grades in courses of progressive difficulty.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=53}} Ninth grade grades generally do not count much, but trends are important—an upward trend in grades was a positive factor, a decline a negative one.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|p=146}} Public universities are more likely to evaluate applicants based on grades and test scores alone, while private universities tend to be more "holistic" and consider other measures.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=13}}Colleges also evaluate applicants by examining how a student has successfully exploited what a high school has had to offer.{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=41}}Note: quoting William Fitzsimmons, Dean of Admissions and Financial Aid at Harvard University. The strongest candidates will have been challenged by the most demanding courses their school has to offer . Where AP courses are offered, having a high grade point average based on good grades in AP-level or honors courses will be looked upon favorably, but dropping a hard course will be seen negatively.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|p=139}}The college admissions office usually will know schools well enough to understand that not all schools offer AP-level courses so candidates from those schools are not put at a disadvantage. On the other hand, the admissions office will have a high school profile and takes into account such data as curriculum offerings, demographics, and grade distributions at the high school.

ACT and SAT scores

These are read in conjunction with the high school academic record, but their importance varies from school to school. Some schools are test-optional where applicants do not need to submit scores. Schools typically release information on the range of scores from their candidate pool as well as accepted student pool to make applicants aware of their student profile. Some schools will consider superscore results or superscoring when an applicant has taken the SAT multiple times by combining the highest score from different test subsections,NEWS , NEWS , {{dead link|date=July 2021}} although superscoring is rarely done for the ACTNEWS , because of difficulty processing five separate rounded numbers.NEWS ,

Demonstrated interest

{{See also|Yield protection}}File:Braker_Hall_-_Tufts_University_-_IMG_0949.JPG|thumb|Yield protection is sometimes referred to as Tufts syndrome]]This can be an important factor in some situations, sometimes a "driving factor",NEWS , since a college may be more likely to say yes to a student likely to matriculate. Accordingly, it has been advised to become knowledgeable about schools being applied to, and "tailor each application accordingly". College visits (including overnight ones),{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=121}} interviews, attending College Fair days,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=121}} comments in the essay, contacting college faculty members, answering and opening emails,{{sfn|Mamlet|2011|p=121}}Note: colleges can tell whether emails are opened or not by a prospective student. place position of the college on the FAFSA form or its FAFSA position,Note: admissions officers can see all colleges applied to that are listed on the FAFSA form, and there are reports that some colleges interpret being first or second on the FAFSA list as a sign of demonstrated interest and other indications of interest can be a factor for many colleges concerned about their yield—the percent of students who accept an offer of enrollment. According to Andover's college counseling director Sean Logan, it is important to have numerous contact points with colleges to show demonstrated interest: visiting, phone contact, emailing, visits to websites (including number of clicks as well as length of time on the website), whether a college visit included a tour and interview, and whether a college-recommended off-campus personal interview was done. Schools such as Connecticut College and Emory University have been credited as "popularizing the yield game" by refusing well-qualified students who failed to show much real interest in attending, as a way to boost their yield scores. One top high school student was waitlisted at a "likely" collegeNote: "likely" meant there was an estimated 80% chance of acceptance by the college for showing lack of interest:{{Blockquote|We assumed they weren't coming, because we didn't have much contact from them. We know they're probably using us as a back-up and they haven't done much to show any sincere interest, so we decided to waitlist them.|Andover college counseling director Sean Logan, remembering a comment from a college admissions director.}}

Active participation

One report suggested that colleges seek students who will be actively involved on campus and not spend every day studying alone.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|p=55}} As a result, they look recommendations from teachers that suggest active participation.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=56, 57}}

Weeding out difficult people

Admissions officers often try to screen out difficult people.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=69–82}} According to Dunbar, many colleges are "afraid of aggression". He recommends avoiding "harsh humor" and signs of severe emotion, anger, or aggression.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=69–82}} Admissions evaluators look for signals that might indicate a difficult person, such as disrespectful criticisms of others and evidence of substance abuse.{{sfn|Dunbar|2007|pp=69–82}}

Analysis of essays

Michele Hernandez suggested that almost all admissions essays were weak, cliche-ridden, and "not worth reading".{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=130–136}} The staff gets thousands of essays and has to wade through most of them.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=130–131}} When she worked as an admissions director at Dartmouth, she noticed that most essays were only read for three minutes.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=130–136}} Some too-common essay types were the "outward bound" essay about how a person discovered their inner grit while hiking tough mountains or the "community service" essay about how a student discovered, while working among disadvantaged peoples, that "all persons were the same".{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=130–136}} Admissions officers seek to learn how a person thinks, what kind of person they are, and their level of intellectual promise.{{sfn|Hernandez|2009|pp=130–136}}A number of highly selective schools including Caltech did not announce admission rates in 2021. Many highly selective schools are not listed here.}}">

Acceptances, rejections, and waitlists{| class"wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright"A number of highly selective schools including Caltech did not announce admission rates in 2021. Many highly selective schools are not listed here.}}

! scope="col" class="unsortable" |School! scope="col" |Applicants! scope="col" |Overall! scope="col" |ED! scope="col" |EA! scope="col" |RDRegular decision

Harvard University>HarvardHARVARD COLLEGE ACCEPTS RECORD-LOW 3.43% OF APPLICANTS TO CLASS OF 2025 {{!, News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson>url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/4/7/harvard-admissions-2025/	website=www.thecrimson.com}}|57,435|3.42%||7.4%|2.58%

Columbia University>ColumbiaCOLUMBIA ACCEPTANCE RATE DROPS TO RECORD LOW 3.7 PERCENT AFTER 51 PERCENT SPIKE IN APPLICATIONS - COLUMBIA SPECTATOR>URL=HTTPS://WWW.COLUMBIASPECTATOR.COM/NEWS/2021/04/07/COLUMBIA-ACCEPTANCE-RATE-DROPS-TO-RECORD-LOW-37-PERCENT-AFTER-51-PERCENT-SPIKE-IN-APPLICATIONS/	WEBSITE=COLUMBIA DAILY SPECTATOR, |60,551|3.66%|15.0%||2.78%|

California Institute of Technology>CaltechCOMMON DATA SET >URL= HTTPS://FINANCE.CALTECH.EDU/DOCUMENTS/20574/CDS_2022.PDF	ACCESS-DATE=7 JANUARY 2022, |13,017|3.91%|||

Stanford University>StanfordHUSSAIN >FIRST1=MURTAZA	FIRST2=LOGAN	DATE=OCTOBER 15, 2021	PUBLISHER=THE STANFORD DAILY, 27 December 2021, |55,471 |3.95%|||

Princeton University>PrincetonPRINCETON ADMITS RECORD-LOW 3.98% OF APPLICANTS IN HISTORIC APPLICATION CYCLE>URL=HTTPS://WWW.DAILYPRINCETONIAN.COM/ARTICLE/2021/04/PRINCETON-COLLEGE-ADMISSIONS-CLASS-OF-2025-IVY-LEAGUE	WEBSITE=THE PRINCETONIAN, |37,601|3.98%|||3.98%

Massachusetts Institute of Technology>MITMIT ADMITS 4.0% FROM UNPRECEDENTED 33,240 APPLICANTS TO THE CLASS OF 2025>URL=HTTPS://THETECH.COM/2021/03/18/REGULAR-ADMISSIONS-2025	WEBSITE=THE TECH, en, |33,240|4.0%|| 4.8%|3.41%

Yale University>YaleAMELIA>LAST=DAVIDSON	TITLE=YALE'S ACCEPTANCE RATE DROPS TO 4.62 PERCENT AMID RECORD APPLICANT POOL	ACCESS-DATE=2021-09-05	LANGUAGE=EN, |46,905|4.62%| |10.5%|3.42%

Brown University>BrownKUBZANSKY>FIRST=WILL	TITLE=BROWN ADMITS RECORD-LOW 5.4 PERCENT OF APPLICANTS TO THE CLASS OF 2025	ACCESS-DATE=2021-09-05	LANGUAGE=EN-US, |46,568|5.44%|15.9%||3.5%

Duke University>DukeDUKE ADMITS RECORD-LOW 4.3% OF REGULAR DECISION APPLICANTS>URL=HTTPS://WWW.DUKECHRONICLE.COM/ARTICLE/2021/04/DUKE-REGULAR-DECISION-APPLICATION-DECISIONS-RECORD	WEBSITE=THE CHRONICLE, |49,517|5.76%|16.7%||4.28%

University of Pennsylvania>UPennTILITEI>FIRST=LEANNA	URL=HTTPS://WWW.THEDP.COM/ARTICLE/2021/04/PENN-ADMISSIONS-CLASS-OF-2025-ACCEPTANCE-RATE	WEBSITE=WWW.THEDP.COM, en-us, |56,333|5.68%|14.9%||4.15%

Dartmouth College>DartmouthDARTMOUTH OFFERS ADMISSION TO 1,749 APPLICANTS TO THE CLASS OF 2025>URL=HTTPS://WWW.THEDARTMOUTH.COM/ARTICLE/2021/04/DARTMOUTH-OFFERS-ADMISSION-TO-1749-APPLICANTS-TO-THE-CLASS-OF-2025	WEBSITE=THE DARTMOUTH, |28,357|6.17%|22.1%||4.5%

University of Chicago>UChicago{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}|37,986|6.33%| -| -| -

Pomona CollegeCOMMON DATA SET 2021-2022	PUBLISHER=POMONA COLLEGE, 27 December 2021, |11,620|6.64%|12.8%| -|5.65%

Vanderbilt University>Vanderbilt|47,174|6.70%|18.1%||5.3%

Northwestern University>NorthwesternRAMOS-BECHARA>FIRST=DIEGO	TITLE=NORTHWESTERN'S ACCEPTANCE RATE FALLS TO 6.8 PERCENT	ACCESS-DATE=2021-09-05, The Daily Northwestern, |47,633|6.79%| -|| -

Swarthmore College>Swarthmore2021-03-24>TITLE=SWARTHMORE ADMITS 1,014 TO CLASS OF 2025	ACCESS-DATE=2021-09-05	LANGUAGE=EN, |~13,000|~7.8%| -|| -

Notifications

Regular decision applicants are notified usually in the last two weeks of March, and early decision or early action applicants are notified near the end of December (but early decision II notifications tend to be in February). The notification of the school's decision is either an admit, deny (reject), waitlist, or defer. Notifications as an online status update on an individual college’s application portal are becoming more common, although a few schools still send notifications by email or regular mail (in which case a "fat" envelope is usually an acceptance whereas a "thin" envelope is usually a rejection or waitlist).Letters of admission typically require the admitted student to maintain good grades and good conduct before matriculation. Teachers and college counselors of seniors advise students against "senioritis". Schools do rescind admission if students have been dishonest in their application,NEWS,weblink Georgetown moves to expel two students in aftermath of admissions scandal, The Washington Post, Sep 21, 2019, WEB,weblink Yale rescinds admission of a student whose family paid $1.2 million to get her in, March 25, 2019, Sep 21, 2019, WEB,weblink Stanford expels student admitted with falsified sailing credentials, www.stanforddaily.com, April 7, 2019, Sep 21, 2019, have conducted themselves in a way deemed to be inconsistent with the values of the school,WEB,weblink Harvard rescinded admission for racist comments. It wasn't the first time, www.cnn.com, June 18, 2019, Sep 21, 2019, WEB,weblink Harvard Rescinds Acceptances for At Least Ten Students for Obscene Memes, Sep 21, 2019, or do not heed warnings of poor academic performance; for example, one hundred high school applicants accepted to Texas Christian University, whose grades plummeted in the spring of their twelfth grade as a symptom of senioritis, received so-called "fear of God" letters from an admissions dean asking them to explain themselves and threatening to rescind offers of admission.NEWS,weblink University Sends 'Fear of God' Letter to Students With Senioritis, Tanya Caldwell, June 18, 2012, The New York Times, June 22, 2012, College-bound seniors beware: ... failing grades ... your university may soon threaten to rescind your admission, Admitted students may also be awarded financial aid and notification of this is made around the same time. Students who are dissatisfied with an aid offer can appeal for the offer to be improved.International students who have been accepted will need to complete the necessary paperwork for visas (such as an I-20 form).NEWS , Rejection letters from most schools will mention that there is no appeal process but many schools, especially public universities such as the University of California, have a formal appeal process requiring "new and compelling" information from the appellant.WEB,weblink On College: Think hard and rationally before appealing a UC school's denial of admission, March 24, 2014, Sep 21, 2019, WEB,weblink Admissions Decision Appeal, admissions.wvu.edu, Sep 21, 2019,

Wait list considerations

About half of schools use a wait list, particularly those that accept fewer than half of all applications.Note: figure for Fall 2010 admission cycle was 48% of colleges using wait lists. Schools use the wait list as an enrollment management tool because they are uncertain how many of their original admits will enroll,NEWS,weblink For Students, a Waiting List Is Scant Hope, Jacques Steinberg, April 13, 2010, The New York Times, December 12, 2011, but the exact implementation varies widely among colleges. Some schools put a large number onto the wait list (relative to the class enrollment size) even though this puts many wait-listed students in "limbo" and gives most of them only false hope,NEWS , the "basic equivalent of purgatory".MAGAZINE , With a class size of only around 2,500, Penn put 3,535 applicants on its wait list for the Class of 2022 (of whom 2,327 remained on the wait list) but accepted only 9.WEB,weblink University of Pennsylvania Common Data Set 2018-19, Sep 21, 2019, In the same year, Tulane put over 10,000 applicants on its wait list but admitted only 2.WEB,weblink Tulane Common Data Set 2018-19, Sep 21, 2019, By contrast, the University of Oregon with a class size of 4,000 offered wait list status to only 264 and admitted 69 of them.WEB,weblink University of Oregon Common Data Set 2018-19, Sep 21, 2019, However, many schools do lose a small number of admitted students due to a phenomenon sometimes called summer melt:WEB , NEWS,weblink Private colleges try to round out fall's enrollment into summer, Scott Jaschik, May 5, 2011, USA Today, December 12, 2011, Kevin Kiley, students, even those have sent in a deposit, will not show up in the fall, and this "melt percentage" can be as high as 5% to 10% of persons who have paid a deposit.{{Blockquote|The admission process is a complicated dance of supply and demand for colleges. And this spring, many institutions have accepted fewer applicants, and placed more on waiting lists, until it becomes clear over the next few weeks how many spots remain.|Jacques Steinberg in The New York Times, April 2010}}{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right;"|+Wait list acceptances for selected schools Class of 2021 and 2022 to illustrate variability across schools and yearsSource: Annual Common Data Set of each schoolNote: wait list admits are the number of students initially put on the wait list, who were eventually offered admission and who accepted this offer.!College!Wait list offers Class of 2021!Wait list admits Class of 2021!Wait list offers Class of 2022!Wait list admits Class of 2022

Stanford	842	36	870	30

Princeton	1168	101	1125	0

Dartmouth	2021	0	1925	0

UPenn	3457	58	3535	9

CMC	723	1	1037	25

Tulane	5596	0	10384	2

Michigan	11094	468	14893	415

UNC	5097	35	4977	22

Wesleyan	2267	108	1965	0

CMU	5609	4	3677	109

Macalester	356	104	426	0

Cal Poly SLO	3168	15	6643	2436

UC Santa Barbara	6650	960	7856	14

UC Riverside	5499	321	11058	1143

Holy Cross	1109	0	1581	0

Oregon	134	73	264	69

Transfer admissions

While most college admissions involves high school students applying to colleges, transfer admissions are important as well. Estimates of the percentage of college students who transfer vary from 20%NEWS , to 33%NEWS , to 60%,NEWS , with the consensus position being around a third of college students transfer, and there are many indications that transfer activity is increasing. One report suggested that nearly half of all undergraduates in the nation were attending community colleges.NEWS , Media coverage of student transfers is generally less than coverage of the high school to college transition. A common transfer path is students moving from two-year community colleges to four-year institutions, although there is considerable movement between four-year institutions.NEWS , Reasons for transferring include unhappiness with campus life, cost, and course and degree selection. There are no consistent national rules for transfers, and requirements vary by college.NEWS, Allen Millett, Leslie Goldberg, 1999, E-Campus Discussion Lounge, Washington Post,weblink May 19, 2012, Many community colleges have articulation agreements with four-year schools, particularly flagship state universities, so that matters such as the transfers of credits are handled appropriately. There are indications that many private colleges are more actively seeking transfer applicants. Still, transferring can be difficult; transfer students have been described in the past as "academic nomads".NEWS ,

Criticism

(File:2021 College attendance, analyzed by race and schools' overall admission rates.svg|thumb|upright=1.25 |College attendance, analyzed by race and schools' overall admission rates.NEWS, Arum, Richard, Stevens, Mitchell L., For Most College Students, Affirmative Action Was Never Enough,weblink The New York Times, July 3, 2023,weblink July 3, 2023, live, Data as of 2021. Data source: U.S. Department of Education. Shown by comparative areas of upper four pie charts, elite schools make up a small fraction of all enrollment.)Selective schools (especially highly selective schools like those in the Ivy League) have garnered a great deal of criticism regarding racial equity, the importance placed on the prestige or ranking of colleges, "holistic" admissions, and factors determining admissions. These issues affect a small percentage of college applicants, as roughly 3% of college applicants will matriculate at a college admitting less than half its applicants.WEB, Thompson, Derek, 2015-04-02, The Inspirational 'It Doesn't Matter Where You Go to College' Meme Is Wrong,weblink 2022-06-21, The Atlantic, en, The selection criteria of highly-ranked colleges may be of little importance, as admittance to these schools may not affect later success.JOURNAL, Dale, Stacy Berg, Krueger, Alan B., 2002, Estimating the Payoff to Attending a More Selective College: An Application of Selection on Observables and Unobservables,weblink The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, 4, 1491–1527, 10.1162/003355302320935089, 4132484, 17144446, 0033-5533, While graduates of more selective colleges earn more, this is likely correlation, as students attending these schools earn the same as students of comparable ability attending less selective schools.Colleges have increased outreach to attract applicants who have been historically underrepresented in their applicant pool and admitted classes, such as applicants from lower income neighborhoods (which may not be well served by knowledgeable college counselors) and applicants who are first-generation college students, much to the criticisms of anti-affirmative action movements.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Litigation

In 2018, there was a probe by the Department of Justice into whether colleges practicing Early Admissions violated antitrust laws by sharing information about applicants.Erica L. Green, April 10, 2018, Justice Department Launches Probe of College Early Admissions, 'The New York Times, Retrieved April 11, 2018 The case Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College proceeded to trial, alleging that Harvard's race-conscious admissions practices discriminate against Asians and putting affirmative action in the context of college admissions again into the judicial arena. In 2019, there was a widespread bribery and cheating scheme in which affluent parents used devious methods to get their children into competitive schools, involving cheating on standardized tests as well as bribes paid to college coaches and admissions personnel.Moriah Balingit, Nick Anderson, Susan Svrluga and Devlin Barrett, March 14, 2019, Washington Post, Rescinded admissions, a class-action suit: Fallout from college scandal spreads, Retrieved March 15, 2018.

Wealth

File:20230810 Ivy-Plus admission rates vs parent income percentile.svg |thumb|Ivy-Plus admissions rates vary with the income of the students' parents, with the acceptance rate of the top 0.1% income percentile being almost twice as much as other students.WEB, Chetty, Raj, Deming, David J., Friedman, John N., Diversifying Society's Leaders? The Determinants and Consequences of Admission to Highly Selective Colleges, 2,weblink Opportunity Insights,weblink July 31, 2023, July 2023, live, Figure 3. "Ivy-Plus" refers to Ivy LeagueIvy LeagueWhile many "elite" colleges intend to improve socioeconomic diversity by admitting poorer students, they may have economic incentives not to do so. Colleges are incentivized to admit students who are able to pay full tuition without aid. Additionally, college rankings, which have an effect on the students applying each year, penalize poor average standardized testing scores; colleges therefore admit students with higher scores,NEWS, Tough, Paul, 2019-09-10, What College Admissions Offices Really Want, en-US, The New York Times,weblink 2022-06-21, 0362-4331, who are typically also richer.WEB, Kantrowitz, Mark, How Admissions Tests Discriminate Against Low-Income And Minority Student Admissions At Selective Colleges,weblink 2022-06-21, Forbes, en, NEWS, These four charts show how the SAT favors rich, educated families, en-US, Washington Post,weblink 2022-06-21, 0190-8286, Wealthier applicants also benefit from other advantages, like test-prep courses, private schools, international travel, and extracurricular activities, such as in athletics and music.NEWS, 2014-07-25, Ivy League miseducation, en-GB, BBC News,weblink 2022-06-21,

Evaluation of candidate's personality

Many universities choose to evaluate applicants based on subjective factors such as an admissions essay or letters of recommendation. This has been the source of disagreement, with detractors arguing that colleges lack the authority and knowledge to judge students according to personal characteristics, and that high schoolers should not be put under the impression that failure to gain admission is a critique of their personality. Critics also argue that holistic admissions is intended to justify selection that seems otherwise random,WEB, Staff, Jason Willick {{!, Senior |date=2012-10-01 |title=The 'holistic' admissions lie |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2012/10/01/the-holistic-admissions-lie/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}} or otherwise biased towards wealth and race.WEB, Bovy, Phoebe Maltz, 2013-12-17, The False Promise of 'Holistic' College Admissions,weblink 2022-06-21, The Atlantic, en, NEWS, Starkman, Ruth, 2013-08-01, Confessions of an Application Reader, en-US, The New York Times,weblink 2022-06-21, 0362-4331, The weighing of certain personality traits in analyzing a student has also become the subject of debate. For example, many highly-ranked schools state that they hold leadership qualities in high regard. To portray "leadership", students may feel the need to collect political positions without considering whether they're truly interested in the roles.NEWS, Cain, Susan, 2017, Not Leadership Material? Good. The World Needs Followers, New York Times,weblink MAGAZINE, Deresiewicz, William, 2014-07-22, Don't Send Your Kid to the Ivy League, The New Republic,weblink 2022-06-21, 0028-6583, Furthermore, according to Helen Vendler, a former Harvard professor, Harvard's focus on qualities such as leadership, service, and scientific interest is unlikely to attract future artists and writers.WEB, Vendler, Helen, 2012-10-15, Writers and Artists at Harvard,weblink 2022-06-21, Harvard Magazine, en,

See also

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}

• College tour
• Cooling out
• FAFSA position
• Hidden Ivies
• Ivy League
• National Association for College Admission Counseling
• Need-blind admission
• Open-door academic policy
• Rolling admission
• Senioritis
• Student financial aid in the United States
• The Early Admissions Game
• Transfer admissions in the United States
• University and college admission
• First-generation college students in the United States{{div col end}}

Notes

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}{{Reflist|2}}

References

• BOOK, Coates, Ken, Morrison, Bill, What to Consider If You're Considering College: New Rules for Education and Employment, Dundurn, 2015, 978-1459723726,
• BOOK, Dunbar, Donald, What You Don't Know Can Keep You Out of College,weblink 2007, Gotham Books, 978-1-59240-302-8, registration,
• BOOK, Hernandez, Michele A., A is for Admission: The Insider's Guide to Getting into the Ivy League and Other Top Colleges, 2009, Grand Central Publishing, 978-0-446-54067-4,
• BOOK, Mamlet, Robin, Vandevelde, Christine, College Admission: From Application to Acceptance, Step by Step, 2011, Three Rivers Press, New York, 978-0-307-59032-9, {{harvid, Mamlet, 2011, }}

Further reading

• BOOK, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton [1900 to 2005], 2005, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 978-0618574582, Jerome Karabel,
• BOOK, The Price of Admission: How America's Ruling Class Buys Its Way into Elite Colleges--and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates, 2007, Daniel Golden, Crown, 978-1400097975,

External links

{{wikivoyage|Touring prestigious and notable universities in the U.S.}}

• Estimated college cost calculator hosted by the College Board
• CSS Profile college aid estimator hosted by the College Board
• National Center for Education Statistics College navigator
• Workshop on campus visits