{{Short description|Species of large bear}}{{about|the animal|the athletics teams at Brown University|Brown Bears|the research ship|MV Brown Bear}}{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}{{Good article}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Speciesbox

0.5|0}}Middle Pleistocene-Holocene| image=2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg| image_caption=Kodiak bear on Kodiak Island| status = LC| status_system = IUCN3.1

AUTHOR3=HUBER, D.

DATE=2017

URSUS ARCTOS >VOLUME=2017

DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.EN, 19 November 2021, | status2 = CITES_A2| status2_system = CITES

access-date=2022-01-14

archive-date=5 December 2017

weblink>url-status=live}}{{NoteTag|Populations of Bhutan, China, Mexico and Mongolia are included in Appendix I. All other populations are included in Appendix II.}}| genus = Ursus| species = arctos

Carl Linnaeus>Linnaeus, 1758| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies

#Subspecies>text and article| range_map = Ursus arctos range map.svg| range_map_caption = Brown bear range map }}The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America. It is one of the largest living terrestrial members of the order Carnivora, rivaled in size only by its closest relative, the polar bear, which is much less variable in size and slightly bigger on average. Adults of different subspecies range in weight from {{cvt|80|to|600|kg}}, with males being heavier than females. Despite its name, brown bears aren't entirely brown; the pelage can be reddish to yellowish-brown, and dark brown to cream in color. During winter, brown bears in some populations hibernate and emerge during spring to regain up to {{cvt|180|kg}} of weight. They have well developed dentition and claws, ideal for their lifestyle.The brown bear is mostly found in forested habitats, and can be found in elevations of {{cvt|5000|m}}. It is omnivorous, and consumes a variety of plant and animal species; with the former comprising 90% of its diet. The bear hunts animals as small as rodents, to animals as large as moose or muskoxen. In parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears predominately feed on spawning salmon that come ashore to lay their eggs. The brown bear is a solitary animal, except in the breeding season. Females protect their young for an average of 1.5 to 4.5 years. Brown bears have one of the largest skulls of any land-based carnivore, and are able to make use of tools. They are long lived animals, with an average lifespan of 25 years in the wild. Attacks on humans, though reported, are generally rare.While the brown bear's range has shrunk, and it has faced local extinctions across its wide range, it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with a total estimated population in 2017 of 110,000. Populations that were hunted to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries are the Atlas bear of North Africa and the Californian, Ungavan and Mexican populations of the grizzly bear of North America. Many of the populations in the southern parts of Eurasia are highly endangered as well. One of the smaller-bodied forms, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts. The Marsican brown bear of central Italy is one of several currently isolated populations of the Eurasian brown bear and is believed to have a population of just {{circa|50}} bears.

Etymology

The brown bear is sometimes referred to as the , from Middle English. This name originated in the fable History of Reynard the Fox translated by William Caxton from Middle Dutch or , meaning brown (the color).{{OEtymD|bruin}}Bruin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163326weblink |date=20 September 2022 }}, Encyclopaedia Britannica In the mid-19th century United States, the brown bear was termed "Old Ephraim" and sometimes as "Moccasin Joe".Hunting the Grisly and other Sketches {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906135409weblink |date=6 September 2017 }}. FullTextArchive.com. Retrieved 15 September 2011.The scientific name of the brown bear, Ursus arctos, comes from the Latin , meaning "bear",Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. "Ursus." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301200216weblink |date=1 March 2021 }} A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library. and the Greek /{{transliteration|grc|arktos}}, also meaning "bear".Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert."Arktos." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102051weblink |date=30 June 2023 }} A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.

Evolution and taxonomy

Evolution

The brown bear is one of eight extant species in the bear family Ursidae and of six extant species in the subfamily Ursinae. {{Phylogeny/Ursidae}}During the Pleistocene, brown bears were sympatric with extinct Ursinae species in North America.JOURNAL, Kumar, V., Lammers, F., Bidon, T., Pfenninger, M., Kolter, L., Nilsson, M. A., Janke, A., 2017, The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species, Scientific Reports, 7, 46487, 10.1038/srep46487, 28422140, 5395953, 2017NatSR...746487K, Brown bears are thought to have evolved from Ursus etruscus in Asia.JOURNAL, PÃ©rez-Hidalgo, T., 1992, The European descendants of Ursus etruscus C. Cuvier (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae), BoletÃn del Instituto GeolÃ³gico y Minero de EspaÃ±a, 103, 4, 632â€“642,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, The brown bear, per Kurten (1976), has been stated as "clearly derived from the Asian population of Ursus savini about 800,000 years ago; spread into Europe, to the New World."BOOK, Kurten, Bjorn, The Cave Bear Story, 1976, Columbia University Press, New York, 5, A genetic analysis indicated that the brown bear lineage diverged from the cave bear species complex approximately 1.2â€“1.4 million years ago, but did not clarify if U. savini persisted as a paraspecies for the brown bear before perishing.JOURNAL, 11231157, 2001, Ancient DNA analysis reveals divergence of the cave bear, Ursus spelaeus, and brown bear, Ursus arctos, lineages, Current Biology, 11, 3, 200â€“203, Loreille, O., Orlando, L., Patou-Mathis, M., Philippe, M., Taberlet, P., HÃ¤nni, C., 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00046-x, 14645603, free, 2001CBio...11..200L, The oldest fossils positively identified as from this species occur in China from about 0.5 million years ago. Brown bears entered Europe about 250,000 years ago and North Africa shortly after.JOURNAL, Herrero, S., 1972, Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linne.) of North America, Bears: Their Biology and Management, 2, 221â€“231,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, 10.2307/3872586, 3872586, Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles, where amongst other factors, they may have contributed to the extinction of cave bears (Ursus spelaeus).JOURNAL, McLellan, Bruce, Reiner, David C., 1994, A Review of bear evolution,weblink live, Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Manage, 9, 1, 85â€“96, 10.2307/3872687, 3872687,weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, Brown bears (along with lions, bison and red foxes) first emigrated to North America from Eurasia via Beringia during the Illinoian Glaciation.JOURNAL, Salis, Alexander T., Bray, Sarah C. E., Lee, Michael S. Y., Heiniger, Holly, Barnett, Ross, Burns, James A., Doronichev, Vladimir, Fedje, Daryl, Golovanova, Liubov, Harington, C. Richard, Hockett, Bryan, Kosintsev, Pavel, Lai, Xulong, Mackie, Quentin, Vasiliev, Sergei, December 2022, Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge,weblink Molecular Ecology, en, 31, 24, 6407â€“6421, 10.1111/mec.16267, 34748674, 2022MolEc..31.6407S, 0962-1083, 11343/299180, free, Although BjÃ¶rn KurtÃ©n hypothesized skull shape as an indicator of evolutionary history, genetic evidence suggests several different populations of brown bear migrated into North America, aligning with the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. The founding population of most North American brown bears arrived first, with the genetic lineage developing around ~177,000 BP, with fossils being first recovered ~111,000 BP from East Beringia. Genetic divergences suggest brown bears first migrated south during MIS-5 (~92,000â€“83,000 BP) upon the opening of the ice-free corridor,JOURNAL, Kubiak, Cara, Grimes, Vaughan, Van Biesen, Geert, Keddie, Grant, Buckley, Mike, Macdonald, Reba, Richards, M. P., 2022-06-27, Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America,weblink Journal of Quaternary Science, en, 38, 8â€“20, 10.1002/jqs.3451, 0267-8179, 250134103, 2 January 2024, 31 October 2023,weblink live, with the first fossils being near Edmonton (26,000 BP).JOURNAL, Steffen, Martina L., Fulton, Tara L., 2018-02-01, On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late Pleistocene North America, Geobios, 51, 1, 61â€“74, 2018Geobi..51...61S, 10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001, The Alexander and Haida Gwaii archipelagoes have a separate lineage, which first appears around 20,000 BP. After a local extinction in Beringia ~33,000 BP, two new but closely related lineages repopulated Alaska and northern Canada from Eurasia after the Last Glacial Maximum (>25,000 BP).Brown bear fossils discovered in Ontario, Ohio, Kentucky and Labrador show that the species occurred farther east than indicated in historic records.JOURNAL, McLellan, Bruce, Reiner, David C., 1994, A Review of bear evolution,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Manage, 9, 1, 85â€“96, 10.2307/3872687, 3872687, In North America, two types of the subspecies Ursus arctos horribilis are generally recognizedâ€”the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear.WEB,weblink Mammalian Species- Ursus arctos, 23 April 1993, American Society of Mammalogists, Smith College,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170331110208weblink">weblink 31 March 2017,

Subspecies

File:Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) female 1.jpg|thumb|Adult female Eurasian brown bear, the alt=A bear in a wooded areaBrown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as "formidable and confusing," with few authorities listing the same specific set of subspecies.{{citation |last1=Wilson |first1=D. E. |last2=Ruff |first2=S. |year=1999 |title=The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C.|pages=160â€“201}} There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies, each with its own name, so this can become confusing. As many as 90 subspecies have been proposed.NEWS, Harris, Arthur H.,weblink Pleistocene Vertebrates of Arizona, New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas, 2013, UTEP Biodiversity Collections, University of Texas at El Paso, BOOK, Storer, T.I., Tevis, L.P., California Grizzly,weblink registration, 1996, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, Berkeley, CA, 978-0-520-20520-8, 335, 42â€“187, 18 November 2019, 2 February 2024,weblink live, Alt URL However, recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears,JOURNAL,weblink Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designating the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Population of Grizzly Bears as a Distinct Population Segment; Removing the Yellowstone Distinct Population Segment of Grizzly Bears From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 17 November 2006, Federal Register, 70, 221, 69854â€“69884,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060825042929weblink">weblink 25 August 2006, JOURNAL, Calvignac, S., Hughes, S., Tougard, C., Michaux, J., Thevenot, M., Philippe, M., Hamdine, W., Hanni, C., Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times, Molecular Ecology, 2008, 17, 8, 1962â€“1970, 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03631.x, 18363668, 2008MolEc..17.1962C, 23361337,weblink weblink 2022-10-09, live, while a 2017 phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears.JOURNAL, Lan, T., Gill, S., Bellemain, E., Bischof, R., Zawaz, M. A., Lindqvist, C., 2017, Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateauâ€“Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284, 1,868, 20,171,804, 10.1098/rspb.2017.1804, 29187630, 5740279, {{as of|2005}}, 15 extant or recently extinct subspecies were recognized by the general scientific community.{{MSW3 Wozencraft | id =14000970 | pages = 588â€“589|heading = Ursus arctos}}Ursus arctos {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195553weblink |date=22 January 2019 }}, ITISAs well as the exact number of overall brown bear subspecies, its precise relationship to the polar bear also remains in debate. The polar bear is a recent offshoot of the brown bear. The point at which the polar bear diverged from the brown bear is unclear, with estimations based on genetics and fossils ranging from 400,000 to 70,000 years ago, but most recent analysis has indicated that the polar bear split somewhere between 275,000 and 150,000 years ago.JOURNAL, Lindqvist, C., Schuster, S. C., Sun, Y., Talbot, S. L., Qi, J., Ratan, A., Tomsho, L. B., Kasson, L., Zeyi, E., Aars, J., Miller, W., IngÃ³lfsson, O., Bachmann, L., Wiig, O., 3, Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 11, 5053â€“5057, 10.1073/pnas.0914266107, 2010, 2010PNAS..107.5053L, 20194737, 2841953, free, Under some definitions, the brown bear can be construed as the paraspecies for the polar bear.JOURNAL, 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.054, 24813606, 4089990, Population Genomics Reveal Recent Speciation and Rapid Evolutionary Adaptation in Polar Bears, Cell (journal), Cell, 157, 4, 785â€“794, 2014, Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline D., Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C., Doherty, Aoife, o'Connell, Mary J., McInerney, James O., Born, Erik W., DalÃ©n, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, Jun, DNA analysis shows that, apart from recent human-caused population fragmentation,JOURNAL, Proctor, Michael F., Paetkau, David, Mclellan, Bruce N., Stenhouse, Gordon B., Kendall, Katherine C., Mace, Richard D., Kasworm, Wayne F., Servheen, Christopher, Lausen, Cori L., 2012, Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in western Canada and the northern United States, Wildlife Monographs, 180, 1, 1â€“46, 10.1002/wmon.6, 2012WildM.180....1P, 16790669, 1938-5455, brown bears in North America are generally part of a single interconnected population system, with the exception of the population (or subspecies) in the Kodiak Archipelago, which has probably been isolated since the end of the last Ice Age.JOURNAL, Strobeck, Curtis, Craighead, Lance, Clarkson, Peter L., Waits, Lisette P., Paetkau, David, 1 December 1997, An Empirical Evaluation of Genetic Distance Statistics Using Microsatellite Data From Bear (Ursidae) Populations,weblink Genetics (journal), Genetics, 147, 4, 1943â€“1957, 10.1093/genetics/147.4.1943, 0016-6731, 9409849, 1208359, 29 January 2019, 29 January 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190129235849weblink">weblink live, JOURNAL, Waits, L. P., 1998, Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography of the North American Brown Bear and Implications for Conservation, Conservation Biology (journal), Conservation, 12, 2, 408â€“417, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.x, 1998ConBi..12..408W, 86172292, etal, These data demonstrate that U. a. gyas, U. a. horribilis, U. a. sitkensis and U. a. stikeenensis are not distinct or cohesive groups, and would more accurately be described as ecotypes. For example, brown bears in any particular region of the Alaska coast are more closely related to adjacent grizzly bears than to distant populations of brown bears,JOURNAL, Paetkau, D., Shields, G. F., Strobeck, C., 1998, Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska, Molecular Ecology, 7, #10, 1283â€“1292, 0962-1083, 9787441, 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00440.x, 1998MolEc...7.1283P, 21848010, the morphological distinction seemingly driven by brown bears having access to a rich salmon food source, while grizzly bears live at higher elevation, or further from the coast, where plant material is the base of the diet. The history of the bears of the Alexander Archipelago is unusual in that these island populations carry polar bear DNA, presumably originating from a population of polar bears that was left behind at the end of the Pleistocene, but have since been connected with adjacent mainland populations through movement of males, to the point where their nuclear genomes are now more than 90% of brown bear ancestry.JOURNAL, Shapiro, Beth, Slatkin, Montgomery, Stirling, Ian, John, John St., Salamzade, Rauf, Ovsyanikov, Nikita, Jay, Flora, Stiller, Mathias, Fulton, Tara L., 14 March 2013, Genomic Evidence for Island Population Conversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution, PLOS Genetics, 9, 3, e1003345, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345, 1553-7404, 3597504, 23516372, free, MtDNA analysis revealed that brown bears are apparently divided into five different clades, some of which coexist or co-occur in different regions.

Hybrids

{{See also|Grizzlyâ€“black bear hybrid|Grizzlyâ€“polar bear hybrid}}File:To replace picture in 'Ursid hybrid'.jpg|thumb|Possible grizzly-black bear hybrid in the alt=A photo of a bear walking in tall grassA grizzlyâ€“polar bear hybrid is a rare ursid hybrid resulting from a crossbreeding of a brown bear and a polar bear. It has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. In 2006, the occurrence of this hybrid in nature was confirmed by testing the DNA of a strange-looking bear that had been shot in the Canadian Arctic, and seven more hybrids have since been confirmed in the same region, all descended from a single female polar bear.JOURNAL, Richardson, Evan, Branigan, Marsha, Paetkau, David, Pongracz, Jodie D., 31 May 2017, Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic, Arctic, 70, #2, 151â€“160, 10.14430/arctic4643, 1923-1245, free, Previously, the hybrid had been produced in zoos and was considered a "cryptid" (a hypothesized animal for which there is no scientific proof of existence in the wild).JOURNAL, Janke, Axel, Nilsson, Maria A., Kolter, Lydia, Pfenninger, Markus, Bidon, Tobias, Lammers, Fritjof, Kumar, Vikas, 19 April 2017, The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species, Scientific Reports, 7, 46,487, 10.1038/srep46487, 2045-2322, 5395953, 28422140, 2017NatSR...746487K, Analyses of the genomes of bears have shown that introgression between species was widespread during the evolution of the genus Ursus,JOURNAL, 10.1126/science.1216424, 22517859, Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage, Science, 336, 6,079, 344â€“247, 2012, Hailer, F., Kutschera, V. E., Hallstrom, B. M., Klassert, D., Fain, S. R., Leonard, J. A., Arnason, U., Janke, A., 2012Sci...336..344H, 10261/58578, 12671275, free, including the introgression of polar bear DNA introduced to brown bears during the Pleistocene.JOURNAL, 10.1073/pnas.1210506109, Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 36, E2382â€“2390, 2012, Miller, W., Schuster, S. C., Welch, A. J., Ratan, A., Bedoya-Reina, O. C., Zhao, F., Kim, H. L., Burhans, R. C., Drautz, D. I., Wittekindt, N. E., Tomsho, L. P., Ibarra-Laclette, E., Herrera-Estrella, L., Peacock, E., Farley, S., Sage, G. K., Rode, K., Obbard, M., Montiel, R., Bachmann, L., Ingolfsson, O., Aars, J., Mailund, T., Wiig, O., Talbot, S. L., Lindqvist, C., 2012PNAS..109E2382M, 22826254, 3437856, free,

Description

(File:Brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) smiling.jpg|thumb|Brown bears are highly variable in size. Eurasian brown bears often fall around the middle to low sizes for the species.|alt=A photo of a smiling brown bear standing by a lake)The brown bear is the most variable in size of modern bears. The typical size depends upon which population it is from, and most accepted subtypes vary widely in size. This is in part due to sexual dimorphism, as male brown bears average at least 30% larger in most subtypes. Individual bears vary in size seasonally, weighing the least in spring due to lack of foraging during hibernation, and the most in late fall, after a period of hyperphagia to put on additional weight to prepare for hibernation. Therefore, a bear may need to be weighed in both spring and fall to get an idea of its mean annual weight.JOURNAL, Hissa, R., Siekkinen, J., Hohtola, E., Saarela, S., Hakala, A., Pudas, J., 1994, Seasonal patterns in the physiology of the European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) in Finland, 8529017, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 109, #3, 781â€“791, 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90222-4,weblink 12 December 2016, 15 June 2020,weblink live, JOURNAL, McLellan, B. N., 2011, Implications of a high-energy and low-protein diet on the body composition, fitness, and competitive abilities of black (Ursus americanus) and grizzly (Ursus arctos) bears, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 89, #6, 546â€“558, 10.1139/z11-026, Generally brown bears weigh anywhere from {{Cvt|80 to 600|kg}}, with males outweighing females.JOURNAL, Maria Pasitschniak-Arts, 23 April 1993, Ursus arctos,weblink Mammalian Species, 439, 1â€“10, 10.2307/3504138, 3504138, 5 March 2023, 5 March 2023,weblink live, The normal range of physical dimensions for a brown bear is a head-and-body length of {{convert|1.4|to|2.8|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} and a shoulder height of {{convert|70|to|153|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}. The tail is relatively short, as in all bears, ranging from {{convert|6|to|22|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length.BOOK, Grzimek, Bernhard,weblink Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals, 1990, McGraw-Hill, 978-0-07-909508-4, 52â€“53, en, BOOK, Nowak, Ronald M.,weblink Walker's Mammals of the World, 1991, Johns Hopkins University Press, 978-0-8018-3970-2, 1083â€“1093, en, The smallest brown bears, females during spring among barren-ground populations, can weigh so little as to roughly match the body mass of males of the smallest living bear species, the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), while the largest coastal populations attain sizes broadly similar to those of the largest living bear species, the polar bear.JOURNAL, Christiansen, P., 1999, What size were Arctodus simus and Ursus spelaeus (Carnivora: Ursidae)?, Annales Zoologici Fennici, 36, 2, 93â€“102, 23735739, Interior brown bears are generally smaller than is often perceived, being around the same weight as an average lion, at an estimate average of {{convert|180|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in males and {{convert|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in females, whereas adults of the coastal populations weigh about twice as much. The average weight of adult male bears from 19 populations, from around the world and various subspecies (including both large- and small-bodied subspecies), was found to be {{convert|217|kg|lb|abbr=on}} while adult females from 24 populations were found to average {{convert|152|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.JOURNAL, 10.1007/s00442-007-0715-1, 17415593, Brown bear body mass and growth in northern and southern Europe, Oecologia, 153, #1, 37â€“47, 2007, Swenson, Jon E., AdamiÄ, Miha, Huber, Djuro, Stokke, SigbjÃ¸rn,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, 2007Oecol.153...37S, 5836340,

Coloration

(File:Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) female 2.jpg|thumb|A brown bear in Slovenia)Brown bears are often not fully brown.JOURNAL, Jones, S. V., 1923, Color variations in wild animals, Journal of Mammalogy, 172â€“177, 1373567, 4, #3, 10.2307/1373567, They have long, thick fur, with a moderately long mane at the back of the neck which varies somewhat across the types.Swenson, J. E. (2000). Action plan for the conservation of the brown bear in Europe (Ursus arctos) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220112705weblink |date=20 December 2016 }} (No. 18-114). Council of Europe. In India, brown bears can be reddish with silver-tipped hairs, while in China brown bears are bicolored, with a yellowish-brown or whitish collar across the neck, chest and shoulders.JOURNAL, 18450212, 2008, Sahajpal, V, Hair characteristics of four Indian bear species, Science & Justice, 48, #1, 8â€“15, Goyal, S. P., Jayapal, R, Yoganand, K, Thakar, M. K., 10.1016/j.scijus.2007.05.001, Even within well-defined subspecies, individuals may show highly variable hues of brown. North American grizzlies can be dark brown (almost black) to cream (almost white) or yellowish-brown and often have darker-colored legs. The common name "grizzly" stems from their typical coloration, with the hairs on their back usually being brownish-black at the base and whitish-cream at the tips, giving them their distinctive "grizzled" color. Apart from the cinnamon subspecies of the American black bear (U. americanus cinnamonum), the brown bear is the only modern bear species to typically appear truly brown. The winter fur is very thick and long, especially in northern subspecies, and can reach {{Convert|11|to|12|cm|in|sigfig=1}} at the withers. The winter hairs are thin, yet rough to the touch. The summer fur is much shorter and sparser, with its length and density varying geographically.BOOK, MlekopitajuÅ¡Äie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: VysÅ¡aia Å kola, Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), II, Part 1a, V. G. Heptner, N. P. Naumov, Science Publishers, Inc., 1998, 1-886106-81-9, Washington, D.C., US,weblink 601â€“676,

Cranial morphology and size

{{Multiple image| align = left| direction = vertical| width = | image1 = Description iconographique comparÃ©e du squelette et du systÃ¨me dentaire des mammifÃ¨res rÃ©cents et fossiles (Ursus arctos californicus).jpg| caption1 = Brown bear skeleton| image2 = Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British museum (fig. 50, 51 & 52).png| caption2 = Skull}}Adults have massive, heavily built (wikt:concave|concave) skulls, which are large in proportion to the body. The projections of the skull are well developed. Skull lengths of Russian brown bears tend to be {{Convert|31.5|to|45.5|cm|in|sigfig=3}} for males, and {{Convert|27.5|to|39.7|cm|in|sigfig=3}} for females. The width of the zygomatic arches in males is {{Convert|17.5|to|27.7|cm|in|sigfig=2}}, and {{Convert|14.7|to|24.7|cm|in|sigfig=2}} in females. Brown bears have very strong teeth: the incisors are relatively big and the canine teeth are large, the lower ones being strongly curved. The first three molars of the upper jaw are underdeveloped and single crowned with one root. The second upper molar is smaller than the others, and is usually absent in adults. It is usually lost at an early age, leaving no trace of the alveolus in the jaw. The first three molars of the lower jaw are very weak, and are often lost at an early age. The teeth of brown bears reflect their dietary plasticity and are broadly similar to other bears.JOURNAL, 10.1002/jmor.10643, 18488989, Feeding ecology and morphology of the upper canines in bears (carnivora: Ursidae), Journal of Morphology, 269, #7, 896â€“908, 2008, Christiansen, Per, 33532210, JOURNAL, KurtÃ©n, B., 1966, Pleistocene bears of North America: Genus Tremarctos, spectacled bears, Acta Zoologica Fennica, 115, 1â€“96, The teeth are reliably larger than American black bears, but average smaller in molar length than polar bears.JOURNAL, 10.1017/S0952836904004856, Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae), Journal of Zoology, 263, 41, 2004, Sacco, Tyson, Van Valkenburgh, Blaire, Brown bears have the broadest skull of any extant ursine bear.BOOK, Feldhamer, G. A., Thompson, B. C., Chapman, J. A., 2003,weblink Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation, JHU Press, 9780801874161, 9 November 2020, 2 February 2024,weblink live,

Claws and feet

(File:Brown Bear Paws.jpg|thumb|Front paws)Brown bears have very large and curved claws, those present on the forelimbs being longer than those on the hind limbs. They may reach {{Convert|5|to|6|cm|in|sigfig=2}} and may measure {{Convert|7|to|10|cm|in|sigfig=2}} along the curve. They are generally dark with a light tip, with some forms having completely light claws. Brown bear claws are longer and straighter than those of American black bears (Ursus americanus).'BOOK, Brown, Gary,weblink The great bear almanac, Bear Anatomy and Physiology, 1993, New York : Lyons & Burford, Internet Archive, 978-1-55821-210-7, The claws are blunt, while those of a black bear are sharp. Due to their claw structure, in addition to their excessive weight, adult brown bears cannot typically climb trees as well as black bears, although in rare cases adult female brown bears have been seen scaling trees.JOURNAL, Seryodkin, Ivan V., 2016-06-01, Behavior of Brown Bears During Feeding in the Sikhote-Alin, Achievements in the Life Sciences, 10, 1, 38â€“47, 10.1016/j.als.2016.05.003, 2078-1520, free, The claws of a polar bear are quite different, being notably shorter but broader with a strong curve and sharper point.BOOK, Stirling, Ian,weblink Polar Bears, 1988, University of Michigan Press, 978-0-472-10100-9, en, 20â€“25, The paws of the brown bear are quite large. The rear feet of adult bears measure {{convert|21|to|36|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, while the forefeet tend to measure about 40% less in length. Brown bears are the only extant bears with a hump at the top of their shoulder, which is made entirely of muscle, this feature having developed presumably for imparting more force in digging, which is habitual during foraging for the bear and also used heavily in den construction prior to hibernation. The brown bear's strength has been roughly estimated as 2.5 to 5 times that of a human.WEB, Ellig, Tracy, July 3, 2006, MSU researcher tests grizzly bear strength for National Geographic documentary,weblink live, 2021-06-11, Montana State University, en-US,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130601075921weblink">weblink 1 June 2013,

Distribution and habitat

(File:Brown bear seaguls.jpg|thumb|Brown bear at Brooks Falls|alt=A bear standing in flowing water)Brown bears were once native to Europe, much of Asia, the Atlas Mountains of Africa, and North America,NEWS,weblink Ancient bear made early migration, BBC News, 12 November 2004, 2 January 2010, 2 December 2005,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20051202023003weblink">weblink live, but are now extirpated in some areas, and their populations have greatly decreased in other areas. There are approximately 200,000 brown bears left in the world.WEB, Brown Bear {{!, Species {{!}} WWF|url=http://worldwildlife.org/species/brown-bear|publisher=WWF|access-date=2 December 2013|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929145303weblink|url-status=live}} The largest populations are in Russia with 130,000,JOURNAL, Chestin, Igor E., Gubar, Yuliy P., Sokolov, Vladimir E., Lobachev, Vladimir S., 1992, The brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in the USSR: numbers, hunting and systematics,weblink Annales Zoologici Fennici, 29, 2, 57â€“68, 23735466, 0003-455X, the United States with 32,500, and Canada with around 25,000. Brown bears live in Alaska, east through the Yukon and Northwest Territories, south through British Columbia and through the western half of Alberta. The Alaskan population is estimated at a healthy 30,000 individuals.WEB, Brown Bear Research in Alaska,weblink Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 4 April 2012, 3 May 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120503000741weblink">weblink live, In the lower 48 states, they are repopulating slowly, but steadily along the Rockies and the western Great Plains.WEB,weblink 2 August 2010, elperiodico.cat, Neixen quatre cries d'Ã³s bru als Pirineus, 19 November 2010, ca, es, 24 July 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110724152410weblink">weblink live, In Europe, in 2010, there were 14,000 brown bears in ten fragmented populations, from Spain (estimated at only 20â€“25 animals in the Pyrenees in 2010,WEB,weblink May 2010, ecologistasenaccion.org, SituaciÃ³ preocupant de l'Ã³s bru als Pirineus, 19 November 2010, ca, 13 November 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121113211413weblink">weblink live, in a range shared between Spain, France and Andorra, and some 210 animals in Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia and LeÃ³n, in the Picos de Europa and adjacent areas in 2013WEB,weblink ABC, Spain, Osos, el desafÃo de una poblaciÃ³n creciente, 28 September 2013, es, 14 October 2013, 26 October 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131026075553weblink">weblink live, ) in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Sweden and Finland in the north to Romania (5000â€“6000), Bulgaria (900â€“1200), Slovakia (with about 600â€“800 animals), Slovenia (500â€“700 animals) and Greece (with Karamanlidis et al. 2015 estimating >450 animals) in the south.JOURNAL, 2018, 1, 22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc (Zoological Society of London (ZSL)), D., J., A., JimÃ©nez, 1367-9430, Animal Conservation (journal), Animal Conservation, Oro, MartÃnez-AbraÃn, 89938098, 3â€“13, 10.1111/acv.12429, Pax Romana: 'refuge abandonment' and spread of fearless behavior in a reconciling world, free, WEB, 2022-10-13, Bear, Î‘Î¡ÎšÎ¤ÎŸÎ¥Î¡ÎŸÎ£,weblink 2 February 2024,weblink live, In Asia, brown bears are found primarily throughout Russia, thence more spottily southwest to parts of the Middle East, including almost all parts of Kurdistan, to as far south as southwestern Iran, and to the southeast in Northeast China. Brown bears are also found in Western China, Kyrgyzstan, North Korea, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India. A population of brown bear can be found on the Japanese island of HokkaidÅ, which holds the largest number of non-Russian brown bears in eastern Asia with about 2,000â€“3,000 animals.BOOK, Hunter, Luke,weblink Carnivores of the world, 2011, Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, Internet Archive, 978-0-691-15228-8, 122â€“133, This species inhabits the broadest range of habitats of any living bear species.They seem to have no altitudinal preferences and have been recorded from sea level to an elevation of {{convert|5000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the Himalayas. In most of their range, brown bears generally seem to prefer semiopen country, with a scattering of vegetation that can allow them a resting spot during the day. However, they have been recorded as inhabiting every variety of northern temperate forest known to occur.

Conservation status

File:Orso bruno marsicano.jpg|thumb|A Marsican brown bear, with a range restricted to the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National ParkWhile the brown bear's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a Least concern species by the IUCN, with a total population of approximately 200,000. {{as of|2012}}, this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN.{{citation |editor-last1=Servheen |editor-first1=C. |editor-last2=Herrero |editor-first2=S. |editor-last3=Peyton |editor-first3=B. |editor-last4=Pelletier |editor-first4=K. |editor-last5=Moll |editor-first5=K. |editor-last6=Moll |editor-first6=J. |year=1999 |title=Bears: status survey and conservation action plan |volume=44 |location=Gland, Switzerland |publisher=IUCN |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200609weblink |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }} However, the California grizzly bear, Ungava brown bear, Atlas bear and Mexican grizzly bear, as well as brown bear populations in the Pacific Northwest, were hunted to extinction in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered.JOURNAL, Miller, CR, Waits, L.P., Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico, Mol. Ecol., 2006, 15, #14, 4477â€“85, 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03097.x, 17107477, 2006MolEc..15.4477M, 7336900, The Syrian brown bear (U. a. syriacus) is very rare and it has been extirpated from more than half of its historic range.JOURNAL, Calvignac, Sebastien, Hughes, Sandrine, Hanni, Catherine, Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa, Diversity and Distributions, 2009, 15, #5, 742â€“750, 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00586.x, 2009DivDi..15..742C, 21666120, free, One of the smallest-bodied subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear (U. a. isabellinus), is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts.Himalayan brown bears now critically endangered {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125912weblink |date=16 October 2018 }}. Euronews.com. 6 January 2014 The Marsican brown bear in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 50 bears.JOURNAL, Gervasi, V., Ciucci, P., 2018-01-01, Demographic projections of the Apennine brown bear population Ursus arctos marsicanus (Mammalia: Ursidae) under alternative management scenarios,weblink The European Zoological Journal, en, 85, 1, 242â€“252, 10.1080/24750263.2018.1478003, 2475-0263, 11573/1114254, free,

Behavior and life history

(File:Ursus arctos - Norway.jpg|thumb|upright|Like all bears, brown bears can stand on their hindlegs and walk for a few steps in this position, usually motivated to do so by curiosity, hunger or alarm)The brown bear is often described as nocturnal. However, it frequently seems to peak in activity in the morning and early evening hours.JOURNAL, Ordiz, AndrÃ©s, Kindberg, Jonas, SÃ¦bÃ¸, Solve, Swenson, Jon E., StÃ¸en, Ole-Gunnar, 2014-05-01, Brown bear circadian behavior reveals human environmental encroachment,weblink Biological Conservation, 173, 1â€“9, 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.03.006, 2014BCons.173....1O, 0006-3207, Activity can occur at nearly any time of night or day, with bears who dwell in areas with more extensive human contact being more likely to be fully nocturnal. Furthermore, yearling and newly independent bears are more likely to be active diurnally and many adult bears in low-disturbance areas are largely crepuscular.JOURNAL, Klinka, D. R., Reimchen, T. E., Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears (Ursus arctos) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, #8, 1317âˆ’1322, 10.1139/z02-123,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, 2002, JOURNAL, Moe, T. F., Kindberg, J., Jansson, I., Swenson, J. E., Importance of diel behaviour when studying habitat selection: examples from female Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos), Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85, #4, 518âˆ’525, 10.1139/Z07-034,weblink 2007, 12 December 2016, 15 June 2020,weblink live, JOURNAL, Kaczensky, P., Huber, D., Knauer, F., Roth, H., Wagner, A., Kusak, J., Activity patterns of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Slovenia and Croatia, Journal of Zoology, 269, #4, 474âˆ’485, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00114.x, 2006, In summer through autumn, a brown bear can double its weight from the spring, gaining up to {{Convert|180|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of fat, on which it relies to make it through winter, when it becomes very lethargic.JOURNAL, Kingsley, M. C. S., Nagy, J. A., Russell, R. H., 90555276, Patterns of weight gain and loss for grizzly bears in northern Canada, Bears: Their Biology and Management, 5, 174â€“178, 3872535, 10.2307/3872535, 1983, JOURNAL, Hissa, R., Hohtola, E., Tuomala-SaramÃ¤ki, T., Laine, T., Kallio, H., Seasonal changes in fatty acids and leptin contents in the plasma of the European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos), Annales Zoologici Fennici, 215â€“224, 23735612, 35, #4, 1998, Although they are not full hibernators and can be woken easily, both sexes like to den in a protected spot during the winter months. Hibernation dens may consist of any spot that provides cover from the elements and that can accommodate their bodies, such as a cave, crevice, cavernous tree roots, or hollow logs.JOURNAL, Farley, S. D., Robbins, C. T., Lactation, hibernation, and mass dynamics of American black bears and grizzly bears, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73, #12, 2216âˆ’2222, 10.1139/z95-262, 1995, JOURNAL, Evans, A. L., SahlÃ©n, V., StÃ¸en, O. G., Fahlman, Ã…., Brunberg, S., Madslien, K., Forbert, O., Swenson, J.E., Arnemo, J. M., Capture, anesthesia, and disturbance of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation, PLOS ONE, 7, #7, e40520, 10.1371/journal.pone.0040520, 22815757, 3398017, 2012, 2012PLoSO...740520E, free, Brown bears have one of the largest brains of any extant carnivoran relative to their body size and have been shown to engage in tool use, which requires advanced cognitive abilities.JOURNAL, Deecke, V. B., Tool-use in the brown bear (Ursus arctos), Animal Cognition, 15, #4, 725â€“730, 22367156, 2012, 10.1007/s10071-012-0475-0, 9076161,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, This species is mostly solitary, although bears may gather in large numbers at major food sources (e.g., open garbage dumps or rivers holding spawning salmon) and form social hierarchies based on age and size.JOURNAL, Egbert, Allan L., Stokes, Allen W.,weblink 3, 41â€“56, 3872753, Egbert, A. L., The Social Behaviour of Brown Bears on an Alaskan Salmon Stream, Bears: Their Biology and Management, 16 September 1976, 10.2307/3872753, 29 April 2011, 17 July 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150717075022weblink">weblink dead, BOOK, Sandell, M., 1989, The mating tactics and spacing patterns of solitary carnivores, Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution, 164â€“182, Springer, 978-1-4613-0855-3, 10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_7, Adult male bears are particularly aggressive and are avoided by adolescent and subadult males, both at concentrated feeding opportunities and chance encounters. Female bears with cubs rival adult males in aggression and are much more intolerant of other bears than single females. Young adolescent males tend to be least aggressive and have been observed in nonantagonistic interactions with each other.JOURNAL, Gau, R. J., McLoughlin, P. D., Case, R., Cluff, H. D., Mulders, R., Messier, F., 2004, Movements of subadult male grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, in the central Canadian arctic, The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 118, #2, 239â€“242, 10.22621/cfn.v118i2.920, free, JOURNAL, Dahle, B., Swenson, J. E., 67818528, Seasonal range size in relation to reproductive strategies in brown bears Ursus arctos, Journal of Animal Ecology, 72, #4, 660â€“667, 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00737.x, 3505643, 2003, 30893970, 2003JAnEc..72..660D, free, Dominance between bears is asserted by making a frontal orientation, showing off canines, muzzle twisting and neck stretching to which a subordinate will respond with a lateral orientation, by turning away and dropping the head and by sitting or lying down. During combat, bears use their paws to strike their opponents in the chest or shoulders and bite the head or neck.

Communication

{{listen

|filename = Yellowstone sound library - Grizzly Bear Eating - 003.mp3
|title = Brown bear sounds
|description = Brown bear sounds including huffing, jaw popping and growling
|format = Vorbis
|filename2 = Yellowstone sound library - Grizzly Bear Eating - 002.mp3
|title2 = Brown bear roars
|description2 = Brown bears roaring over a carcass
|format2 = Vorbis

}}Several different facial expressions have been documented in brown bears. The "relaxed-face" is made in everyday activities and has the ears pointed to the sides and the mouth closed or slackly open. During social play, bears make "relaxed open-mouth face" in which the mouth is open, with a curled upper lip and hanging lower lip, and the ears alert and shifting. When looking at another animal at a distance, the bear makes an "alert face" as the ears are cocked and alert, the eyes wide open but the mouth is closed or only open slightly. The "tense closed mouth face" is made with the ears laid back and the mouth closed and occurs when the bear feels threatened. When approached by another individual, the animal makes a "puckered-lip face" with a protruding upper lip and ears which go from cocked and alert when at a certain distance to laid back when closer or when retreating. The "jaw gape face" consists of an open mouth with visible lower canines and hanging lips while the "biting face" is similar to the "relaxed open-mouth face" except the ears are flattened and the eyes are wide enough to expose the sclera. Both the "jaw gape face" and the "biting face" are made in aggression and bears switch between them.THESIS, Egbert, A. L., 30â€“35, 1978, The Social Behavior of Brown Bears at McNeil River, Alaska, Utah State University, Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D.,weblink 25 April 2021, 2 February 2024,weblink live, Brown bears also produce various vocalizations. Huffing occurs when the animal is tense while woofing is made when alarmed. Both sounds are produced by exhalations though huffing is harsher and is made continuously (two per second). Growls and roars are made in aggression. Growling is "harsh" and "guttural" and can range from a simple grrr to a rumble. A rumbling growl can escalate into a roar when the bear is charging. Roaring is described as "thunderous" and can travel {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}}. Mothers and cubs wanting physical contact will bawl, which is heard as waugh!, waugh!.

Home ranges

Brown bears usually occur over vast home ranges; however, they are not highly territorial. Several adult bears often roam freely over the same vicinity without issue, unless rights to a fertile female or food sources are being contested. Males always cover more area than females each year. Despite their lack of traditional territorial behavior, adult males can seem to have a "personal zone" in which other bears are not tolerated if they are seen.Pearson, A. M. (1975). The northern interior grizzly bear Ursus arctos L. Information Canada. p. 86 Males always wander further than females, due to both increasing access to females and food sources, while females are advantaged by smaller territories in part since it decreases the likelihood of encounters with male bears who may endanger their cubs.JOURNAL, 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01152.x, Mating Strategies in Relation to Sexually Selected Infanticide in a Non-Social Carnivore: The Brown Bear,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, Ethology, 112, #3, 238â€“246, 2006, Bellemain, Eva, Swenson, Jon E., Taberlet, Pierre, 2006Ethol.112..238B, In areas where food is abundant and concentrated, such as coastal Alaska, home ranges for females are up to {{convert|24|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and for males are up to {{convert|89|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Similarly, in British Columbia, bears of the two sexes travel relatively compact home ranges of {{convert|115|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|318|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. In Yellowstone National Park, home ranges for females are up to {{convert|281|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and up to {{convert|874|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} for males. In Romania, the largest home range was recorded for adult males (3,143 km2, 1214 sq mi).JOURNAL, Pop, Ioan Mihai, Bereczky, Leonardo, Chiriac, Silviu, Iosif, Ruben, Nita, Andreea, Popescu, Viorel Dan, Rozylowicz, LaurenÈ›iu, Movement ecology of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians, Nature Conservation, 26, 15â€“31, 10.3897/natureconservation.26.22955, 1314-3301, 2018, free, In the central Arctic of Canada, where food sources are quite sparse, home ranges range up to {{convert|2434|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in females and {{convert|8171|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in males.Novak, M., Baker, J.A., Obbard, M.E. & Malloch, B. (1987). Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Reproduction

File:Ã„htÃ¤rin karhut 24.jpg|thumb|Pair of mating brown bears at the Ã„htÃ¤ri Zoo in Ã„htÃ¤ri Ã„htÃ¤riThe mating season is from mid-May to early July, shifting later the further north the bears are found.JOURNAL, Herrero, S., Hamer, D., 1977, Courtship and copulation of a pair of grizzly bears, with comments on reproductive plasticity and strategy, 1379352, 10.2307/1379352, Journal of Mammalogy, 58, #3, 441â€“444, Being serially monogamous, brown bears remain with the same mate from a couple of days to a couple of weeks. Outside of this narrow time frame, adult male and female brown bears show no sexual interest in each other. Females mature sexually between the age of four and eight years of age, with an average age at sexual maturity of 5.2â€“5.5 years old, while males first mate about a year later on average, when they are large and strong enough to successfully compete with other males for mating rights.JOURNAL, White, D.J., Berardinelli, J.G., Aune, K.E., 1998, Reproductive characteristics of the male grizzly bear in the continental United States, 3873161, Ursus, 10, 497â€“501, Males will try to mate with as many females as they can; usually a successful one mates with two females in a span of one to three weeks. The adult female brown bear is similarly promiscuous, mating with up to four, rarely even eight, males while in heat and potentially breeding with two males in a single day.JOURNAL, AmbarlÄ±, H., Litter size and basic diet of brown bears (Ursus arctos, Carnivora) in northeastern Turkey, Mammalia, 80, 2, 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0111, 2016, 87968464, Females come into oestrus on average every three to four years, with a full range of 2.4 to 5.7 years. The urine markings of a female in oestrus can attract several males via scent.JOURNAL, Halloran, D. W., Pearson, A. M., 1972, Blood chemistry of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) from southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada, 10.1139/z72-112, 5038730, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50, #6, 827â€“833, Dominant males may try to sequester a female for her entire oestrus period of approximately two weeks, but usually are unable to retain her for the entire time. Copulation is vigorous and prolonged and can last up to an hour, although the mean time is about 23â€“24 minutes.JOURNAL, Craighead, J. J., Hornocker, M. G., Craighead Jr, F. C., 1969, Reproductive biology of young female grizzly bears, J. Reprod. Fertil., Suppl. 6, 447â€“475, (File:Grizzly Bear- Sow and cubs (5728173840).jpg|thumb|left|Grizzly bear cubs often imitate their mothers closely.|alt=A mother bear standing next to her cubs)Males take no part in raising their cubs â€“ parenting is left entirely to the females.BOOK, Corbet, Gordon Barclay,weblink The Terrestrial Mammals of Western Europe, 1966, Foulis, London, UK, 52â€“55, en, Through the process of delayed implantation, a female's fertilized egg divides and floats freely in the uterus for six months. During winter dormancy, the fetus attaches to the uterine wall. The cubs are born eight weeks later while the mother sleeps. If the mother does not gain enough weight to survive through the winter while gestating, the embryo does not implant and is reabsorbed into the body.Craighead, J. J., Sumner, J. S., & Mitchell, J. A. (1995). "The grizzly bears of Yellowstone: their ecology in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1959â€“1992". Island Press. pp. 21â€“56JOURNAL, amp, Tsubota, T., Kanagawa, H., 84359252, 1993, Morphological Characteristics of the Ovary, Uterus and Embryo during the Delayed Implantation Period in the Hokkaido Brown Bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis), Journal of Reproduction and Development, 39, #4, 325â€“331, 10.1262/jrd.39.325, free, JOURNAL, amp, Hensel, R. J., Troyer, W. A., Erickson, A. W., 1969, Reproduction in the female brown bear, 3799836, The Journal of Wildlife Management, 357â€“365, 33, #2, 10.2307/3799836, There have been cases of brown bears with as many as six cubs, although the average litter size is one to three, with more than four being considered uncommon.JOURNAL,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, Pazetnov, V.A., Pazetnov, S.V., amp, 2005, Female brown bear with six cubs, International Bear News, 14, #2, 17, There are records of females sometimes adopting stray cubs or even trading or kidnapping cubs when they emerge from hibernation (a larger female may claim cubs away from a smaller one).JOURNAL, Erickson, A. W., Miller, L. H., 1963, Cub adoption in the brown bear, Journal of Mammalogy, 44, #4, 584â€“585, 10.2307/1377153, 1377153, JOURNAL,weblink Barnes Jr, V., Smith, R., 1993, Cub adoption by brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) on Kodiak Island, Alaska, Canadian Field-Naturalist, 107, 3, 365â€“367, 10.5962/p.357155, 12 December 2016, 20 December 2016,weblink live, free, Older and larger females within a population tend to give birth to larger litters.JOURNAL, Stringham, S. F., 1990, Grizzly bear reproductive rate relative to body size, Bears: Their Biology and Management, 8, 433â€“443, 10.2307/3872948,weblink weblink 2022-10-09, live, 3872948, The size of a litter also depends on factors such as geographic location and food supply.JOURNAL, Steyaert, S. M., Endrestol, A., Hacklaender, K., Swenson, J. E., Zedrosser, A., 2012, The mating system of the brown bear Ursus arctos, 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00184.x, Mammal Review, 42, #1, 12â€“34, At birth, the cubs are blind, toothless and hairless and may weigh from {{Convert|350|to|510|g|lb|abbr=on}}, again reportedly based on the age and condition of the mother. They feed on their mother's milk until spring or even early summer, depending on climate conditions. At this time, the cubs weigh {{Convert|7|to|9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and have developed enough to follow her over long distances and begin to forage for solid food.JOURNAL, Dahle, B., Zedrosser, A., Swenson, J. E., 2006, Correlates with body size and mass in yearling brown bears (Ursus arctos), 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00127.x, Journal of Zoology, 269, #3, 273â€“283, (File:Kodiak brown bears FWS 18385.jpg|thumb|Kodiak bear cubs play-fighting)The cubs are fully dependent on the mother and a close bond is formed. During the dependency stage, the cubs learn (rather than inherit as instincts from birth) survival techniques, such as which foods have the highest nutritional value and where to obtain them; how to hunt, fish and defend themselves; and where to den. Increased brain size in large carnivores has been positively linked to whether a given species is solitary, as is the brown bear, or raises their offspring communally, thus female brown bears have relatively large, well-developed brains, presumably key in teaching behavior.JOURNAL, 8202515, 44022, Gittleman, J. L., 1994, Female brain size and parental care in carnivores, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91, #12, 5495â€“5497, 1994PNAS...91.5495G, 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5495, free, The cubs learn by following and imitating their mother's actions during the period they are with her. Cubs remain with their mother for an average of 2.5 years in North America, uncommonly being independent as early as 1.5 years of age or as late as 4.5 years of age. The stage at which independence is attained may generally be earlier in some parts of Eurasia, as the latest date which mother and cubs were together was 2.3 years, most families separated in under two years in a study from Hokkaido and in Sweden most cubs on their own were still yearlings.JOURNAL, Mano, T., Tsubota, T., 2002, Reproductive characteristics of brown bears on the Oshima peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan, 1383508, 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)0832.0.CO;2, Journal of Mammalogy, 83, #4, 1026â€“1034, free, JOURNAL, Dahle, B., Swenson, J. E., 2003, Family breakup in brown bears: are young forced to leave?, 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)0842.0.CO;2, Journal of Mammalogy, 84, #2, 536â€“540, free, Brown bears practice infanticide, as an adult male bear may kill the cubs of another. When an adult male brown bear kills a cub, it is usually because he is trying to bring the female into oestrus, as she will enter that state within two to four days after the death of her cubs. Cubs may flee up a tree when they see a strange male bear approaching. The mother often successfully defends them, even though the male may be twice as heavy as her. However, females have been known to die in such confrontations.JOURNAL, Swenson, J. E., Dahle, B., Sandegren, F., 2001, Intraspecific predation in Scandinavian brown bears older than cubs-of-the-year, Ursus, 81â€“91, 3873233,weblink 12, 12 December 2016, 16 November 2017,weblink live, JOURNAL, MÃ¶rner, T., Eriksson, H., BrÃ¶jer, C., Nilsson, K., Uhlhorn, H., Ã…gren, E., Segerstad, C.H., Jansson, D.S., Gavier-WidÃ©n, D., 2005, Diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear (Ursus arctos), gray wolf (Canis lupus), and wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Sweden, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 41, #2, 298â€“303, 16107663, 10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.298, 43774546, free,

Dietary habits

File:Brown Bear Feeding on Salmon.jpg|thumb|upright|Brown bear feeding on salmon salmonThe brown bear is one of the most omnivorous animals in the world and has been recorded as consuming the greatest variety of foods of any bear. Despite their reputation, most brown bears are not highly carnivorous, as they derive up to 90% of their dietary food energy from vegetable matter.WEB,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090415202025weblink">weblink 15 April 2009, Alaska is bear territory!, Alaska Office of Economic Development, Dced.state.ak.us, 10 October 2009, They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms. Among all bears, brown bears are uniquely equipped to dig for tough foods such as roots, bulbsWEB,weblink Ursus arctos (Brown bear), Animal Diversity Web, 28 May 2021, 13 May 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210513130048weblink">weblink live, and shoots. They use their long, strong claws to dig out earth to reach the roots and their powerful jaws to bite through them. In spring, winter-provided carrion, grasses, shoots, sedges, moss and forbs are the dietary mainstays for brown bears internationally. Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn. Roots and bulbs become critical in autumn for some inland bear populations if fruit crops are poor. They will also commonly consume animal matter, which in summer and autumn may regularly be in the form of insects, larvae and grubs, including beehives. Bears in Yellowstone eat an enormous number of moths during the summer, sometimes as many as 40,000 army cutworm moths in a single day, and may derive up to half of their annual food energy from these insects.WEB,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100715011549weblink">weblink dead, 15 July 2010, Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Eat 40,000 Moths a Day In August, Yellowstonepark.com, 21 June 2011, Brown bears living near coastal regions will regularly eat crabs and clams. In Alaska, bears along the beaches of estuaries regularly dig through the sand for clams. This species may eat birds and their eggs, including almost entirely ground- or rock-nesting species. The diet may be supplemented by rodents or similar smallish mammals, including marmots, ground squirrels, mice, rats, lemmings and voles. With particular regularity, bears in Denali National Park will wait at burrows of Arctic ground squirrels hoping to pick off a few of the {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} rodents.WEB,weblink Inherited behavior traits of the domesticated ferret, Brown, Susan, A, 17 January 2010, weaselwords.com, 29 January 2010, 4 October 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091004091445weblink">weblink live, In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas. The fishing techniques of bears are well-documented. They often congregate around falls when the salmon are forced to breach the water, at which point the bears will try to catch the fish in mid-air (often with their mouths). They will also wade into shallow waters, hoping to pin a slippery salmon with their claws. While they may eat almost all the parts of the fish, bears at the peak of spawning, when there is usually a glut of fish to feed on, may eat only the most nutrious parts of the salmon (including the eggs and head) and then indifferently leave the rest of the carcass to scavengers, which can include red foxes, bald eagles, common ravens and gulls. Despite their normally solitary habits, brown bears will gather rather closely in numbers at good spawning sites. The largest and most powerful males claim the most fruitful fishing spots and bears (especially males) will sometimes fight over the rights to a prime fishing spot.File:Moose mom with calves and a bear, Deanli National Park.png|thumb|A cow moose with calves being approached by an inland brown bear, Denali National Park Denali National ParkBeyond the regular predation of salmon, most brown bears are not particularly active predators. While perhaps a majority of bears of the species will charge at large prey at one point in their lives and most eat carrion, many predation attempts start with the bear clumsily and half-heartedly pursuing the prey and end with the prey escaping alive. On the other hand, some brown bears are quite self-assured predators who habitually pursue and catch large prey items. Such bears are usually taught how to hunt by their mothers from an early age. Large mammals preyed on can include various ungulate species such as elk, moose, caribou, muskoxen and wild boar. When brown bears attack these large animals, they usually target young or infirm ones, as they are easier to catch. Typically when hunting (especially with young prey), the bear pins its prey to the ground and then immediately tears and eats it alive.JOURNAL, French, S. P., French, M. G., Predatory behavior of grizzly bears feeding on elk calves in Yellowstone National Park, 1986â€“1988, 1990, International Conf. Bear Res. And Manage, 8, 335â€“341,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, 10.2307/3872937, 3872937, It will also bite or swipe some prey to stun it enough to knock it over for consumption.BOOK, 1993, Mammals of Europe, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 107, 978-0-691-09160-0, Macdonald, D.W., Barrett, P.,weblink To pick out young or infirm individuals, bears will charge at herds so the slower-moving and more vulnerable individuals will be made apparent. Brown bears may ambush young animals by finding them via scent. When emerging from hibernation, brown bears, whose broad paws allow them to walk over most ice and snow, may pursue large prey such as moose whose hooves cannot support them on encrusted snow. Similarly, predatory attacks on large prey sometimes occur at riverbeds, when it is more difficult for the prey specimen to run away due to muddy or slippery soil. On rare occasions, while confronting fully-grown, dangerous prey, bears kill them by hitting with their powerful forearms, which can break the necks and backs of large creatures such as adult moose and adult bison. They feed on carrion, and use their size to intimidate other predators, such as wolves, cougars, tigers, and American black bears from their kills. Carrion is especially important in the early spring (when the bears are emerging from hibernation), much of it comprising winter-killed big game. Cannibalism is not unheard of, though predation is not normally believed to be the primary motivation when brown bears attack each other.When forced to live in close proximity with humans and their domesticated animals, bears may potentially predate any type of domestic animal. Among these, domestic cattle are sometimes exploited as prey. Cattle are bitten on the neck, back or head and then the abdominal cavity is opened for eating. Plants and fruit farmed by humans are readily consumed as well, including corn, wheat, sorghum, melons and any form of berries. They may feed on domestic bee yards, readily consuming both honey and the brood (grubs and pupae) of the honey bee colony. Human foods and trash are eaten when possible. When an open garbage dump was kept in Yellowstone, brown bears were one of the most voracious and regular scavengers. The dump was closed after both brown and American black bears came to associate humans with food and lost their natural fear of them.

Interspecific predatory relationships

File:Wolfbear.jpg|thumb|Brown bear being followed by a wolf wolfAdult bears are generally immune to predatory attacks except from large Siberian (Amur) tigers and other bears. Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, 32 cases of Siberian tigers attacking both Ussuri brown bears (Ursus arctos lasiotus) and Ussuri black bears (U. thibetanus ussuricus) were recorded in the Russian Far East, and hair of bears were found in several tiger scat samples. Tigers attack black bears less often than brown bears, since the black bears live in more open habitats and are not able to climb trees. In the same time period, four cases of brown bears killing female tigers and young cubs were reported, both in disputes over prey and in self-defense. Tigers mainly feed on the bear's fat deposits, such as the back, hams and groin.In rare cases, when Amur tigers prey on brown bears, they usually target young and sub-adult bears, besides small female adults taken outside their dens, generally when lethargic from hibernation.BOOK, Fraser, A. F., 2012, Feline Behaviour and Welfare, CABI, 72â€“77, 978-1-84593-926-7, Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002.JOURNAL, Seryodkin, I. V., Kostyria, A. V., Goodrich, J. M., Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Kerley, L. L., Hornocker, M. G., amp,weblink 2003, Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East, Ursus, 14, 2, 159, 15 September 2014, 17 August 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110817151324weblink">weblink dead, Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears.BOOK, Seryodkin, I. V., Goodrich, J. M., Kostyrya, A. V., Schleyer, B. O., Smirnov, E. N., Kerley, L. L., Miquelle, D. G., amp, 2005, Ð“Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð° 19. Ð’Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¾Ñ‚Ð½Ð¾ÑˆÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð¼ÑƒÑ€ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ñ‚Ð¸Ð³Ñ€Ð° Ñ Ð±ÑƒÑ€Ñ‹Ð¼ Ð¸ Ð³Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¼ Ð¼ÐµÐ´Ð²ÐµÐ´ÑÐ¼Ð¸ [Chapter 19. Relationship of Amur tigers with brown and Himalayan black bear], Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Goodrich, J. M., Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation, Vladivostok, Russia, PSP, 156â€“163, ru,weblink 19 March 2023, 18 October 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201018234449weblink">weblink live, THESIS,weblink The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin, ru, Seryodkin, I., 2006, PhD, Far Eastern National University, Vladivostok, Russia, 61â€“73, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131224090426weblink">weblink 2013-12-24, The effect the presence of tigers have on a brown bears behavior seems to vary. In the winters of 1970â€“1973, Yudakov and Nikolaev recorded two cases of bears showing no fear of tigers and another case of a brown bear changing path upon crossing tiger tracks.BOOK, The Ecology of the Amur Tiger based on Long-Term Winter Observations in 1970â€“1973 in the Western Sector of the Central Sikhote-Alin Mountains, Hunting Behavior and Success of the Tigers' Hunts, Yudakov, A. G., Nikolaev, I. G., amp, Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 2004,weblink 17 September 2014, 19 February 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200219182809weblink">weblink dead, Other researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks to scavenge tiger kills and to potentially prey on tigers. Despite the threat of predation, some brown bears actually benefit from the presence of tigers by appropriating tiger kills that the bears may not be able to successfully hunt themselves. During telemetry research in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, 44 direct confrontations between bears and tigers were observed, in which bears (not just brown bears) in general were killed in 22 cases, and tigers in 12 cases.BOOK, 20th International Conference on Bear Research & Management, Intraspecific relationships between brown bears, Asiatic black bears and the Amur tiger, Seryodkin, I. V., Goodrich, J. M., Kostyria, A. V., Smirnov, E. N., Miquelle, D. G., amp, International Association for Bear Research and Management, 2011, 64,weblink 11 September 2014, 13 November 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20181113071056weblink">weblink live, There are reports of brown bears specifically targeting Amur leopards and tigers to abstract their prey. In the Sikhote-Alin reserve, 35% of tiger kills were stolen by bears, with tigers either departing entirely or leaving part of the kill for the bear.BOOK, Ð‘Ð¸Ð¾Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ðµ Ð¸ Ñ€Ð¾Ð»ÑŒ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ… Ð² ÑÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¸ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ…: ÐœÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ð°Ð»Ñ‹ IV ÐœÐµÐ¶Ð´ÑƒÐ½Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð½Ð°ÑƒÑ‡Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ„ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ½Ñ†Ð¸Ð¸, Denpropetrovsk, Ð Ð¾Ð»ÑŒ Ð±ÑƒÑ€Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¼ÐµÐ´Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ Ð² ÑÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¸ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ… Ð”Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð’Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¾ÐºÐ° Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸,weblink 502â€“503, 2007, Seryodkin, I. V., Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, 2015-07-15, 2011-08-17,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110817145802weblink">weblink dead, Some studies show that bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for the tiger. A report from 1973 describes twelve known cases of brown bears killing tigers, including adult males. In all cases, the tigers were subsequently eaten by the bears.JOURNAL, Brown Bear predation of Amur Tiger 1973 account, International Wildlife Magazine, 20 October 2009,weblink 14 July 2015, 22 June 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160622010032weblink">weblink live, JOURNAL, Goodrich, J. M., Kerley, L. L., Smirnov, E. N., Miquelle, D. G., McDonald, L., Quigley, H. B., Hornocker, M. G., McDonald, T., amp, Survival rates and causes of mortality of Amur tigers on and near the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Journal of Zoology, 276, 4, 323, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00458.x, 2008, free, Brown bears regularly intimidate wolves to drive them away from their kills. In Yellowstone National Park, bears pirate wolf kills so often, Yellowstone's Wolf Project director Doug Smith wrote, "It's not a matter of if the bears will come calling after a kill, but when." Despite the high animosity between the two species, most confrontations at kill sites or large carcasses end without bloodshed on either side. Though conflict over carcasses is common, on rare occasions, the two predators tolerate each other on the same kill. To date, there is a single recorded case of fully-grown wolves being killed by a grizzly bear.JOURNAL, 122, 1, 2008, Gray Wolves, Canis lupus, Killed by Cougars, Puma concolor, and a Grizzly Bear, Ursus arctos, in Montana, Alberta, and Wyoming, Jimenez, Michael D., Asher, Valpa J., Bergman, Carita, Bangs, Edward E., Woodruff, Susannah P., The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 76, 10.22621/cfn.v122i1.550, free, PDF {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119030500weblink |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=19 January 2021 }}. Given the opportunity, however, both species will prey on the other's cubs.WEB, Downey, Betsy, Personal Encounter. Wolf-Grizzly interaction in Yellowstone National Park, International Wolf Center,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080227175714weblink">weblink 27 February 2008, In some areas, grizzly bears regularly displace cougars from their kills.JOURNAL, 3873109, Encounter Competition between Bears and Cougars: Some Ecological Implications, Murphy, Kerry M., Felzien, Gregory S., Hornocker, Maurice G., Ruth, Toni K., Ursus, 10, 1998, 55â€“60, Cougars kill small bear cubs on rare occasions, but there was one report of a bear killing a cougar of unknown age and condition between 1993 and 1996.ADW: Ursus arctos: Information {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512163707weblink |date=12 May 2013 }}. Arlis.org. Retrieved 9 August 2012.BOOK, Hornocker, Maurice,weblink Cougar: Ecology and Conservation, Negri, Sharon, 2009-12-15, University of Chicago Press, 978-0-226-35347-0, 163â€“174, en, Smaller carnivorous animals, including coyotes, wolverines, lynxes, and any other sympatric carnivores or raptorial birds, are dominated by grizzly bears and generally avoid direct interactions with them, unless attempting to steal scraps of food. However, wolverines have been persistent enough to fend off a grizzly bear as much as ten times their weight off a kill. There is one record of a golden eagle preying on a brown bear cub.JOURNAL, SÃ¸rensen, Ole, Mogens TotsÃ¥s, Tore Solstad, Robin Rigg, 2008, Predation by a Golden Eagle on a Brown Bear Cub, Ursus, 19, 2, 190â€“193, 10.2192/08SC008.1, 55281438,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, Brown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist. Due to their smaller size, American black bears are at a competitive disadvantage to grizzly bears in open, unforested areas. Although displacement of black bears by grizzly bears has been documented, actual interspecific killing of black bears by grizzlies has only occasionally been reported. Confrontation is mostly avoided due to the black bear's diurnal habits and preference for heavily forested areas, as opposed to the grizzly's largely nocturnal habits and preference for open spaces.JOURNAL,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, Probable grizzly bear predation on an American black bear in Yellowstone National Park, Gunther, Kerry A., Biel, Mark J., Anderson, Neil, Watts, Lisette, 2002, Ursus (journal), Ursus, 13, 372â€“374, Brown bears may also kill Asian black bears, though the latter species probably largely avoids conflicts with the brown bear, due to similar habits and habitat preferences to the American black species.JOURNAL,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East, 3873015, Seryodkin, Ivan V., Ursus, 14, 2, 2003, 153â€“161, Kostyria, A. V., Goodrich, J. M., Miquelle, D. G., Smirnov, E. N., Kerley, L. L., Quigley, H. B., Hornocker, M. G., As of the 21st century, there has been an increase in interactions between brown bears and polar bears, theorized to be caused by climate change. Brown and grizzly bears have been seen moving increasingly northward into territories formerly claimed by polar bears. They tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses,Dough O'Hara weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081120030414weblink">Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope. Anchorage Daily News. 24 April 2005 and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens.WEB,weblink ABC News: Grizzlies Encroaching on Polar Bear Country, ABC News, 10 October 2009, 5 August 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170805152310weblink">weblink live,

Longevity and mortality

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|image1=BÃ¤renspurP1050395.jpg |caption1=Front paw imprint
|image2=Grizzly rear paw print.jpg |caption2=Rear paw imprint

}}The brown bear has a naturally long life. Wild females have been observed reproducing up to 28 years of age, which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any ursid in the wild. The peak reproductive age for females ranges from four to 20 years old.JOURNAL, Schwartz, C. C., Keating, K. A., Reynolds III, H. V., Barnes Jr, V. G., Sellers, R. A., Swenson, J. E., Miller, S.D., McLellan, B., Keay, J., McCann, R., Gibeau, M., Wakkinen, W.F., Mace, R.D., Kasworm, W., Smith, R., Herrero, S., 2003, Reproductive maturation and senescence in the female brown bear, Ursus, 109â€“119, 3873012, 14, #2, The lifespan of brown bears of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. The oldest wild brown bear on record was nearly 37 years old.BOOK, Macdonald, David David Whyte,weblink The New Encyclopedia of Mammals, 2001, Bear family, Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 978-0-19-850823-6, en, The oldest recorded female in captivity was nearly 40 years old, while males in captivity have been verified to live up to 47 years, with one captive male possibly attaining 50 years of age.While male bears potentially live longer in captivity, female grizzly bears have a greater annual survival rate than males within wild populations per a study done in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.JOURNAL, Schwartz, C. C., Haroldson, M. A., White, G. C., Harris, R. B., Cherry, S., Keating, K. A., Moody, D., Servheen, C., Temporal, Spatial, and Environmental Influences on the Demographics of Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wildlife Monographs, 161, 1â€“68, 10.2193/0084-0173(2006)161[1:TSAEIO]2.0.CO;2, 2006, 85600938, Annual mortality for bears of any age is estimated at 10% in most protected areas. Around 13% to 44% of cubs die within their first year even in well-protected areas. Beyond predation by large predators including wolves, Siberian tigers and other brown bears, starvation and accidents also claim the lives of cubs. Studies have indicated that the most prevalent source of mortality for first-year cubs is malnutrition.Brown bears are susceptible to parasites such as flukes, ticks, tapeworms, roundworms and biting lices.JOURNAL, Rogers, Lynn L., Rogers, Susanne M., 1976, Parasites of Bears: A Review,weblink Bears: Their Biology and Management, 3, 411â€“430, 10.2307/3872791, 3872791, 1936-0614, JOURNAL, J. Brglez, S. Valentinclc, 1968, Parasites of brown bear, Ursus arctos L.,weblink Acta Veterinaria (Beograd), 18, 6, 379â€“384, It is thought that brown bears may catch canine distemper virus (CDV) from other Caniforms like stray dogs and wolves.JOURNAL, Di Francesco, Cristina Esmeralda, Gentile, Leonardo, Di Pirro, Vincenza, Ladiana, Lara, Tagliabue, Silvia, Marsilio, Fulvio, 2015-01-01, Serologic Evidence for Selected Infectious Diseases in Marsican Brown Bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) in Italy (2004â€“09),weblink Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 51, 1, 209â€“213, 10.7589/2014-01-021, 25375945, 0090-3558, A captive individual allegedly succumbed to Aujeszky's disease.JOURNAL, MÃ¶rner, Torsten, Eriksson, Hanna, BrÃ¶jer, Caroline, Nilsson, Kristina, Uhlhorn, Henrik, Ã…gren, Erik, Segerstad, Carl HÃ¥rd af, Jansson, DÃ©sirÃ©e S., Gavier-WidÃ©n, Dolores, April 2005, Diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear (Ursus arctos), gray wolf (Canis lupus), and wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Sweden,weblink Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 41, 2, 298â€“303, 10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.298, 16107663, 0090-3558,

Hibernation physiology

Scientists are interested in understanding the hibernation physiology of brown bears, specifically in how they stay healthy after six months of inactivity.JOURNAL, FrÃ¶bert, O., FrÃ¸bert, A. M., Kindberg, J., Arnemo, J. M., Overgaard, M. T., March 2020, The brown bear as a translational model for sedentary lifestyle-related diseases, Journal of Internal Medicine, en, 287, 3, 263â€“270, 10.1111/joim.12983, 31595572, 0954-6820, free, 11250/2642746, free, It has been suggested by scientists that understanding how brown bears stay healthy during hibernation may potentially help lead to cures for human diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease. A study conducted through the Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project did a proteomic analysis of the brown bear's blood, organs, and tissues to pinpoint proteins and peptides that either increased or decreased in expression in the winter and summer months. One major finding was that the plasma protein sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) increased during the brown bear's hibernation period by 45 times. Although scientists do not yet understand the role of SHBG in maintaining the brown bear's health, some scientists believe these findings could potentially be a factor in preventing human diseases that come from a sedentary life style.

Relationship with humans

Attacks on humans

(File:Sankebetsu BrownBear01.png|thumb|A statue of the Ussuri brown bear from Hokkaido, Japan|alt=A statue of a roaring bear looking over a fence)Brown bears usually avoid areas where extensive development or urbanization has occurred.JOURNAL, Woodroffe, R., Predators and people: Using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores, Animal Conservation, 3, 2, 165, 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00241.x,weblink weblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, 2000, 2000AnCon...3..165W, 84430290, They rarely attack humans on sight and usually avoid people.JOURNAL, Kistchinski, A. A., 'Life history of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in north-east Siberia, Bears: Their Biology and Management, 2, 67â€“73, 10.2307/3872570, 3872570, 1972, They are, however, unpredictable in temperament, and may attack if they are surprised or feel threatened.BOOK, Herrero, Stephen,weblink Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance, 2002, Globe Pequot Press, 978-1-58574-557-9, 10â€“25, en, The two most common causes for bear attacks are surprise and curiosity.WEB,weblink Ursus arctos californicus, Smith, Tom S., Herrero, Steven, Alaska Science Center â€“ Biological Science Office, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090814111211weblink">weblink 14 August 2009, Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, being responsible for 70% of brown bear-caused human fatalities in North America.{{citation |last=Rogers |first=Lynn L. |url=http://www.bear.org/Black/Articles/How_Dangerous_are_Black_Bears.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021016041143weblink |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2002 |title=How Dangerous are Black Bears |publisher=Bear.org}} Brown bear attacks tend to result in serious injury and, in some cases, death. Due to the bears' enormous physical strength, even a single bite or swipe can be deadly.JOURNAL, 12676309, 2003, Cardall, T. Y., Grizzly bear attack, The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 24, 3, 331â€“333, Rosen, P., 10.1016/s0736-4679(03)00004-0, Violent encounters with brown bears usually last only a few minutes, though they can be prolonged if the victims fight back. A study conducted in 2019 found that 664 bear attacks were reported during a 15-year period (20002015) throughout North America and Eurasia. There were 568 injuries and 95 casualties.JOURNAL, Bombieri, G., Naves, J., Penteriani, V., Selva, N., FernÃ¡ndez-Gil, A., LÃ³pez-Bao, J. V., Ambarli, H., Bautista, C., Bespalova, T., Bobrov, V., Bolshakov, V., Bondarchuk, S., Camarra, J. J., Chiriac, S., Ciucci, P., 2019-06-12, Brown bear attacks on humans: a worldwide perspective, Scientific Reports, en, 9, 1, 8573, 10.1038/s41598-019-44341-w, 31189927, 6562097, 2019NatSR...9.8573B, 2045-2322, Around 10 people a year are killed by brown bears in Russia, more than all the other parts of the brown bear's range combined.WEB, Dinets, Vladimir,weblink Brown Bears of Russia,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121215051532weblink">weblink 15 December 2012, dead, In Japan, a large brown bear nicknamed "Kesagake" ("kesa-style slasher") caused the worst brown bear attack in Japanese history at Tomamae, HokkaidÅ during numerous encounters during December 1915. It killed seven people and wounded three others before being gunned down after a large-scale beast-hunt.BOOK, Dickman, A. J., Hazzah, L., 2016, Money, Myths and Man-Eaters: Complexities of Humanâ€“Wildlife Conflict, Problematic Wildlife, 339â€“356, Springer, 978-3-319-22246-2, A study by U.S. and Canadian researchers has found bear spray to be more effective at stopping aggressive bear behavior than guns, working in 92% of studied incidents versus 67% for guns.WEB,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110101181640weblink">weblink 1 January 2011, Spray more effective than guns against bears: study, North American Bear Center, Smith, Herrero, DeBruyn, Wilde, 2008,

Bear hunting

Hunting of brown bears has occurred since ancient times, mainly for sports and royal showings of power. Humans have been recorded hunting brown bears for over 10,300â€“9,300 years.McLaren, Duncan & Wigen, Rebecca & Mackie, Quentin & Fedje, Daryl. (2005). Bear Hunting at the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition on the Northern Northwest Coast of North America. pp. 4â€“23 In Europe, between the 17th and 18th centuries, humans sought to control brown bear numbers by awarding those who managed to kill one. This bounty scheme pushed the brown bear population to the brink of extinction before comprehensive protection was offered in the 1900s. In northern Europe, hunting still persists in the 21st century, contributing significantly to the drop in brown bear numbers.JOURNAL, Bischof, Richard, Bonenfant, Christophe, Rivrud, Inger Maren, Zedrosser, Andreas, Friebe, Andrea, Coulson, Tim, Mysterud, Atle, Swenson, Jon E., January 2018, Regulated hunting re-shapes the life history of brown bears,weblink Nature Ecology & Evolution, en, 2, 1, 116â€“123, 10.1038/s41559-017-0400-7, 29230025, 10852/67379, 3288368, 2397-334X, free, In some places in Europe, bears are tricked into entering traps with the help of a bait. Brown bears are legally hunted in some American states, such as Alaska. However, a hunting license is required and killings of females with cubs will result in a prison sentence.JOURNAL, Albert, David M., Bowyer, R. Terry, Miller, Sterling D., 2001, Effort and Success of Brown Bear Hunters in Alaska,weblink Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 2, 501â€“508, 3784174, 0091-7648, Their meat is sometimes consumed and used in recipes such as dumplings, hams and stews. The Indigenous people of James Bay (Eastern) Cree use their flesh in traditional dishes. In Asia and Romania, the paws are consumed as exotic delectables; it has been a prevalent component of traditional Chinese food since 500 BC. The total weight of commercially sold brown bear meat is estimated at 17 tons annually.JOURNAL, Kelava UgarkoviÄ‡, Nikolina, KonjaÄiÄ‡, Miljenko, Malnar, Josip, TomljanoviÄ‡, Kristijan, Å prem, Nikica, UgarkoviÄ‡, Damir, January 2021, Proximate Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Qualitative Indices of Brown Bear Meat, Foods, en, 10, 1, 36, 10.3390/foods10010036, free, 33374425, 7824718, 2304-8158,

In captivity

There are more than 700 brown bears in zoos and wildlife parks worldwide. Captive bears are largely lethargic and spend a considerable amount of time doing nothing. When active, captive bears may be subject to repetitive back and forth motion, known widely as pacing. This behavior is most prevalent in bears kept in small, cramped cages often with no natural setting. Pacing is a way of coping with stress that comes with being trapped in unnaturally small spaces.JOURNAL, Pastorino, Giovanni Quintavalle, Christodoulides, Yiannis, Curone, Giulio, Pearce-Kelly, Paul, Faustini, Massimo, Albertini, Mariangela, Preziosi, Richard, Mazzola, Silvia Michela, May 2017, Behavioural Profiles of Brown and Sloth Bears in Captivity, Animals, en, 7, 5, 39, 10.3390/ani7050039, free, 28505095, 5447921, 2076-2615, Stereotyped behavior has decreased due to better and larger enclosures being built, and more sustainable management from zoo staff.JOURNAL, Montaudouin, S., Pape, G. Le, 2005-07-01, Comparison between 28 zoological parks: stereotypic and social behaviours of captive brown bears (Ursus arctos),weblink Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 92, 1, 129â€“141, 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.10.015, 0168-1591, They are also exploited as dancing bears. The process begins at an early age. Cubs, for example, are positioned on hot metal plates, causing them to exhibit dancing movements, and at the same time, violin music is running in the background. The process is repeated, resulting in bears being trained to dance when a violin is played. Similarly, brown bears are also displayed in tiny enclosures near a restaurant, mainly for the purpose of luring customers. Privately-owned bears are often placed in insufficient environments and often suffer from malnutrition and obesity.JOURNAL, Stagni, Elena, Sequeira, Sara, Brscic, Marta, Redtenbacher, Irene, Hartmann, Sabine, 2023-12-13, A retrospective study on the prevalence of main clinical findings in brown bears (Ursus arctos) rescued from substandard husbandry conditions, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1299029, 10.3389/fvets.2023.1299029, free, 2297-1769, 38192718, 10773888, According to a 2009 analysis, the brown bear was the second most exploited circus animal after the tiger.JOURNAL, Iossa, G., Soulsbury, C. D., Harris, S., May 2009, Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life?,weblink Animal Welfare, en, 18, 2, 129â€“140, 10.1017/S0962728600000270, 32259865, 0962-7286,

Culture

{{further information|Cultural depictions of bears}}{{Multiple images| image1 = The Three Bears - Project Gutenberg etext 19993.jpg| caption1 = "The Story of the Three Bears", illustration from Childhood's Favorites and Fairy Stories| image2 = A house of cards, Puck cover.jpg| caption2 = Cover of an American humor magazine Puck at 20 January 1904| alt1 = The image shows three bears standing in a house| alt2 = The image shows a bear behind a house of cards}}Brown bears often figure into the literature of Europe and North America as "cute and cuddly", in particular that which is written for children. "The Brown Bear of Norway" is a Scottish fairy tale telling the adventures of a girl who married a prince magically turned into a bear and who managed to get him back into a human form by the force of her love and after many trials and difficulties. With "Goldilocks and the Three Bears", a story from England, the Three Bears are usually depicted as brown bears. In German-speaking countries, children are often told the fairytale of "Snow White and Rose Red"; the handsome prince in this tale has been transfigured into a brown bear. In the United States, parents often read their preschool age children the book Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? to teach them their colors and how they are associated with different animals.JOURNAL, Newman, A. R., 1987, Images of the bear in Children's Literature, Children's Literature in Education, 18, #3, 131â€“138, 10.1007/bf01130991, 143882256, In Ancient Greek mythology, bears have been compared to humans as similar, mainly due to their ability of standing upright. In many western stories and older fables the portrayed attributes of bears are sluggishness, foolishness and gullibility, which contradicts actual species. For example, bears have been reported tricking hunters by backtracking in the snow.BOOK, Bieder, Robert E.,weblink Bear, Survivors, 2005-08-18, Reaktion Books, 978-1-86189-482-3, en, The Romans built small carved figures of bears that were used during burials of infants.JOURNAL, O'Regan, Hannah, 2023-09-04, Brown bears in burials and entertainment in later prehistoric to modern Britain (c. 2400 BC â€“ AD 1900s),weblink The Archaeology of Northern Europe, 187â€“208, en, 10.1484/M.TANE-EB.5.134334, 978-2-503-60611-8, The earliest cave paintings of bears occurred in the Paleolithic, with over 100 recorded paintings.JOURNAL, De Swart, Herman, 2004, Cave bears in prehistoric art ; a survey from the literature,weblink Publications du musÃ©e des Confluences, 2, 1, 121â€“128, The Russian bear is a common national personification for Russia (as well as the former Soviet Union), despite the country having no officially-designated national animal. The brown bear is Finland's national animal.WEB,weblink Karhu on Suomen kansalliselÃ¤in, 16 September 2010, yle.fi, 18 August 2016, 11 January 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160111235501weblink">weblink live, JOURNAL, Riabov, Oleg, 2020, The Birth of the Russian Bear? The Bear Symbol in the Satirical Journals of the Russian Revolution of 1905,weblink Region, 9, 1, 139â€“168, 27007706, 2166-4307, The grizzly bear is the state animal of Montana.WEB, Symbols of Montana, Montana Historical Society,weblink 18 August 2016, 18 December 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091218045709weblink">weblink dead, The California golden bear is the state animal of California, despite being extinct.WEB, History and Culture â€“ State Symbols, California State Library,weblink 24 September 2011, 5 January 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190105214315weblink">weblink dead, In North America, the brown bear is considered a charismatic megafauna and has long piqued people's interest. The death of Bear 148 at the hands of a trophy hunter in 2017, sparked media outrage and the continued disapproval of trophy hunting.JOURNAL, Hughes, Courtney, Foote, Lee, Yarmey, Nicholas T., Hwang, Christina, Thorlakson, Jessica, Nielsen, Scott, April 2020, From human invaders to problem bears: A media content analysis of grizzly bear conservation, Conservation Science and Practice, en, 2, 4, 10.1111/csp2.176, 2020ConSP...2E.176H, 2578-4854, free, The coat of arms of Madrid depicts a bear reaching up into a madroÃ±o or strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) to eat some of its fruit, whereas the Swiss city of Bern's coat of arms also depicts a bear and the city's name is popularly thought to derive from the German word for bear.BOOK, Deyermond, A. D.,weblink Festschrift, 1997, Tamesis, 978-1-85566-051-9, 177â€“187, en, BOOK, Swenson, Jon E.,weblink Action Plan for the Conservation of the Brown Bear in Europe (Ursus Arctos), Europe, Council of, 2000-01-01, Council of Europe, 978-92-871-4426-3, 69, en, The brown bear is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 5 kuna coin, minted since 1993.JOURNAL, MajiÄ‡, Aleksandra, Marino Taussig de Bodonia, Agnese, Huber, Äuro, Bunnefeld, Nils, December 2011, Dynamics of public attitudes toward bears and the role of bear hunting in Croatia,weblink Biological Conservation, 144, 12, 3018â€“3027, 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.005, 2011BCons.144.3018M, 0006-3207,

References

Notes

Bibliography

BOOK, Vaisfeld, Bears: Brown Bear, Polar Bear, Asian Black Bear. Distribution, ecology, use and protection, Vaisfeld, M.A. and Chestin I. E., Nauka, Moscow, 978-5020035676, 1993, ru, en,

External links

weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070604082733weblink">Brown Bear profile from National Geographic
Bear Hunting Altered Genetics More Than Ice Age Isolation
Ancient Fossil Offers New Clues To Brown Bears Past

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