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{{Short description|King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1312 to 1350}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}

factoids

| coronation = Ferdinand IV of Castile>Ferdinand IVPeter of Castile>Peter| regent = | reg-type = | birth_date = 13 August 1311| birth_place = Salamanca, Crown of Castile| death_date = 26 March 1350 (aged 38)| death_place = Gibraltar, Emirate of Granada| burial_date = | burial_place = Royal Collegiate Church of Saint Hippolytus

• {{marriage|Constanza Manuel|1325|1327|end=ann.}}
• {{marriage|Maria of Portugal|1328}}}}

• Peter
• Illegitimate:
• Henry II
• Fadrique, Lord of Haro
• Tello, Lord of Aguilar de Campoo
• Sancho, Count of Alburquerque{edih}| issue-link = Marriage and issue| issue-pipe = among others...| house = Castilian House of Ivrea| father = Ferdinand IV of Castile| mother = Constance of Portugal| signature = Alfonso XI (firma).svg

}}Alfonso XI (11 August 1311{{snd}}26 March 1350), called the Avenger (el Justiciero), was King of Castile and León. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ensued over who would hold regency, which were resolved in 1313.Once Alfonso was declared an adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power.

Life

Minority

File:15th century depiction of Battle of Teba 1330.jpg|thumb|Alfonso XI of Castile attacks the Muslim MoorsMoorsFile:Alfonso XI, king of Leon and Castile.jpg|thumb|Depiction in an illumination of FroissartFroissartBorn on 13 August 1311 in Salamanca,{{Sfn|García Fernández|2012|p=42}} he was the son of King Ferdinand IV of Castile{{sfn|Ruiz|2011|p=57}} and Constance of Portugal.{{sfn|Previte-Orton|1960|p=902}} His father died when Alfonso was one year old.{{sfn|Ruiz|2015|p=93}} His grandmother, María de Molina, his mother Constance, his granduncle Infante John of Castile, son of King Alfonso X of Castile and uncle Infante Peter of Castile, son of King Sancho IV assumed the regency. His mother died first on 18 November 1313, followed by Infantes John and Peter during a military campaign against Granada in 1319 at the Disaster of the Vega, which left Dowager Queen María as the only regent until her death on 1 July 1321.{{fact|date=August 2021}}Alfonso inherited the throne at a time of instability within the region, decline in populations, reductions in the royal treasury and increasingly ambitious regents caused numerous problems during his young reign.{{sfn|Ruiz|2015|p=93}}After the death of the Infantes John and Peter in 1319, Philip (son of Sancho IV and María de Molina, thus brother of Infante Peter), Juan Manuel (the king's second-degree uncle by virtue of being Ferdinand III's grandson) and Juan the One-eyed (his second-degree uncle, son of John of Castile who died in 1319) split the kingdom among themselves according to their aspirations for regency, even as it was being looted by Moors and the rebellious nobility.{{fact|date=August 2021}}A 14th century chronicle mentioned his appearance as "...King Alfonso was not very tall but well proportioned, and he was rather strong and had fair skin and hair."From 'Crónica de Pedro' by Pedro López de Ayala (1332–1407)

Majority

His effective reign began in August 1325 when he was sworn in as king as he was proclaimed to have reached the age of majority in the Cortes of Valladolid.{{Sfn|Torres Fontes|1987|p=21–22}} Following a ritual that took him to Santiago de Compostela and to the monastery of Las Huelgas in Burgos, his self-crowning took place in 1332.{{Harvnb|Aurell|2016|pp=295–296}}; {{Harvnb|Ruiz|2004|p=135}}As soon as he took the throne, he began working hard to strengthen royal power by dividing his enemies. His early display of ruthless rulership skills included the unhesitant execution of possible opponents. Alfonso XI ordered the assassination of Juan the One-eyed in Toro in the 1326 feast of All Saints, along with two of the latter's knights, luring the former with promises of reconciliation.{{Sfn|Ruiz|2015|p=96}}He managed to extend the limits of his kingdom to the Strait of Gibraltar after the important victory at the Battle of Río Salado against the Marinid dynasty in 1340 and the conquest of Algeciras in 1344. Once that conflict was resolved, he redirected all his Reconquista efforts to fighting the Moorish king of Granada.{{fact|date=August 2021}}During his reign a political reform in the municipal government took place, with the substitution of the concejos abiertos by the regimientos.{{Sfn|García Fernández|2012|p=45}} He fostered the issuance of cartas pueblas as strategy for the demographic strengthening in the borderland areas.{{Sfn|García Fernández|2012|p=45}}He is variously known among Castilian kings as the Avenger or the Implacable, and as "He of Río Salado." The first two names he earned by the ferocity with which he repressed the disorders caused by the nobles during his long minority; the third by his victory in the Battle of Río Salado over the last formidable Marinid invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1340.{{fact|date=August 2021}}Alfonso XI never went to the extreme lengths of his son Peter of Castile, but he could be bloody in his methods. He killed for reasons of state without any form of trial. He openly neglected his wife, Maria of Portugal, and indulged a scandalous passion for Eleanor of Guzman, who bore him ten children.{{fact|date=August 2021}}Stricken with plague during the 1349–1350 siege of Gibraltar, Alfonso died in the night of 25–26 March 1350 (some sources put the date wrongfully at 27 March) becoming one of the most prominent victims of the Black Death.{{sfn|León-Sotelo|González Crespo|1986 |p=588}}BOOK, Wickham, Chris,weblink Medieval Europe, Yale University Press, 15 October 2016, 978-0-300-22221-0, 299, en, The Castilian forces withdrew from Gibraltar, with some of the defenders coming out to watch.BOOK, O'Callaghan, Joseph F., The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, 216,weblink 2011, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 978-0-8122-0463-6, Out of respect, Alfonso's rival Yusuf I of Granada ordered his army and his commanders in the border regions not to attack the Castilian procession as it traveled with the king's body to Seville.{{sfn|Fernández-Puertas|1997|p=10}}

Marriage and issue

Alfonso XI first married Constanza Manuel in 1325, but had the union annulled two years later. His second marriage, in 1328, was to his double first cousin Maria of Portugal, daughter of Alfonso IV of Portugal.Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 75. They had:

• Two sons buried with their mother in the Royal Monastery of San Clemente in Seville.{{Sfn|Borrero Fernández|1991|p=69}} One of them, the firstborn Fernando, died a few months after birth.{{sfn|Guillén|2020|p=120}}
• Peter of Castile (1334–1369), King of Castile.

By his mistress, Eleanor of Guzmán, he had ten children:

• Pedro Alfonso (1331/1332–1338), 1st Lord of Aguilar de Campoo;
• Sancho Alfonso (1332/1333–1342), 1st Lord of Ledesma;
• Henry II of Castile (1333/1334–1379), King of Castile (1369–1379);
• Fadrique Alfonso (1333/1334–1358), Henry's twin brother, he was Master of the Order of Santiago and 1st Lord of Haro;
• Fernando Alfonso (1334–c. 1350), 2nd Lord of Ledesma;
• Tello Alfonso (1337–1370), 2nd Lord of Aguilar de Campoo;
• Juan Alfonso (1340–1359), 1st Lord of Jerez de los Caballeros;
• Juana Alfonso (1342–after 1376), Lady of Trastámara due to her marriage in 1354 to Fernando Ruiz de Castro. The marriage was annulled and in 1366 she married Felipe de Castro;
• Sancho Alfonso (1343–1375), 1st Count of Alburquerque;
• Pedro Alfonso (1345–1359)

After Alfonso's death, his widow Maria had Eleanor arrested and later killed.Chapman, Charles Edward and Rafael Altamira, A history of Spain, (The MacMillan Company, 1922), 118.

Popular culture

He was depicted in the 1802 play Alfonso, King of Castile by the British writer Matthew Lewis. It was first staged at London's Covent Garden Theatre with Charles Murray in the title role.Macdonald, David Lorne. Monk Lewis: A Critical Biography. University of Toronto Press, 2000. p.156

Ancestry

{{ahnentafelalign=center LAST=DE SOUSA PUBLISHER=LISBOA OCCIDENTAL PAGES=415, |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;|1= 1. Alfonso XI of Castile|2= 2. Ferdinand IV of Castile|3= 3. Constance of Portugal|4= 4. Sancho IV of Castile|5= 5. María de Molina|6= 6. Denis of Portugal|7= 7. Elizabeth of Aragon|8= 8. Alfonso X of Castile (=#26)|9= 9. Violant of Aragon|10= 10. Alfonso of MolinaMayor Alfonso TellezMayor Alfonso de Meneses}}|12= 12. Afonso III of PortugalBeatrice of Castile (1242–1303)>Beatrice of Castile|14= 14. Peter III of AragonConstance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon>Constance of Sicily|16= 16. Ferdinand III of Castile|17= 17. Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen|18= 18. James I of Aragon (=#28)|19= 19. Violant of Hungary (=#29)|20= 20. Alfonso IX of Leon|21= 21. Berengaria of Castile|22= 22. Alfonso Téllez de Meneses, 4th Lord of Meneses|23= 23. Maria Anes de Lima|24= 24. Afonso II of PortugalUrraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal>Urraca of Castile|26= 26. Alfonso X of Castile (=#8)|27= 27. Mayor Guillén de Guzmán|28= 28. James I of Aragon (=#18)|29= 29. Violant of Hungary (=#19)Manfred, King of Sicily>Manfred of SicilyBeatrice of Savoy, Marchioness of Saluzzo>Beatrice of Savoy}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

{{Commons category|Alfonso XI of Castile}}

• BOOK, La práctica de las autocoronaciones reales. Análisis histórico e implicaciones simbólicas, 2016, Jaume, Aurell, El acceso al trono: concepción y ritualización, 287–302, 978-84-235-3452-4,weblink
• Chapman, Charles Edward and Rafael Altamira, A history of Spain, The MacMillan Company, 1922.
• JOURNAL, The Three Great Sultans of al-Dawla al-Ismā'Ä«liyya al-Naá¹£riyya Who Built the Fourteenth-Century Alhambra: Ismā'Ä«l I, YÅ«suf I, Muḥammad V (713–793/1314–1391), Antonio, Fernández-Puertas, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, 7, 1–25, 1, April 1997, Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 25183293, 10.1017/S1356186300008294, 154717811,
• JOURNAL, García Fernández, Andalucía en la Historia, 38, 41–47, Alfonso XI y Andalucía. Un rey en tierra de frontera (1312-1350),weblink University of Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 2012, Manuel,
• {{EB1911 |last=Hannay |first=D. |wstitle=Alphonso |volume=1 |author-link=David Hannay (historian) }}
• MAGAZINE, León-Sotelo, 1986, González Crespo, María, Esther, Notas para el itinerario de Alfonso XI en el periodo de 1344 a 1350, En la España Medieval, 8, 5, 575–589, es, Complutense University of Madrid, 0214-3038,weblink amp,
• BOOK, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, C.W., Previte-Orton, II: The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance, Cambridge at the University Press, 1960,
• BOOK, From Heaven to Earth: The Reordering of Castilian Society, 1150-1350, Teofilo F., Ruiz, Teofilo Ruiz, Princeton & Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2004, 0-691-00121-9,weblink
• BOOK, Spain's Centuries of Crisis, 1300 - 1474, Teofilo F., Ruiz, Wiley, 2011,
• BOOK,weblink Ruiz, Teofilo F., Teofilo Ruiz, Towards a Symbolic History of Alfonso XI of Castile: Power, Ceremony and Triumph, The Emergence of León-Castile c.1065–1500: Essays Presented to J.F. O'Callaghan, James J., Todesca, Ashgate Publishing, 2015, 978-1-4094-2035-4,
• JOURNAL, Evolución del Concejo de Murcia en la Edad Media, Juan, Torres Fontes, Murgetana, 0213-0939, 71, 1987, 5–47,weblink
• Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, Ed. E. Michael Gerli and Samuel G. Armistead, Routledge, 2003.
• BOOK, Borrero Fernández, Mercedes, El Real Monasterio de San Clemente: Un monasterio cisterciense en la Sevilla Medieval, 1991, Comisaría de la Ciudad de Sevilla para 1992, Ayuntamiento de Sevilla, Sevilla, 84-7952-013-2,
• BOOK, The Triumph of an Accursed Lineage: Kingship in Castile from Alfonso X to Alfonso XI (1252-1350), Fernando Arias, Guillén, Routledge, 2020,

{{Castilian monarchs}}{{Leonese monarchs}}{{Galician monarchs}}{{Authority control}}