5th century
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- East-Hem 400ad.jpg -
Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 5th century AD.
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- East-Hem 500ad.jpg -
Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 5th century AD.
{{Centurybox|5}}{{Seealso|Christianity in the 5th century}}The
5th century is the period from
401 to
500 in accordance with the
Julian calendar in
Anno Domini/
Common Era.
Overview
This century is noted for being a time of repeated disaster and instability both internally and externally for the
Western Roman Empire, which finally unravelled, and came to an end in AD
476. The west was ruled by a succession of weak
emperors, and true power began to fall increasingly into the hands of powerful generals. Internal instability and pressing military problems caused by foreign invaders finally resulted in the sacking of Rome by a
Visigoth army in
410. Some recovery was made in the following decades, but the Western Empire received a serious blow when another barbarian group, the
Vandals occupied
Carthage, capital of the extremely important province of
Africa, a major supplier of wealth and grain. Attempts to retake the province were interrupted by the invasions of the
Huns under
Attila. After Attila's final defeat and death both Eastern and Western empires joined forces for a final assault on Vandal North Africa, but their campaign was a spectacular failure.
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The year
476 is widely understood as the point at which the
Western Roman Empire came to an end. In
476 the last Western Roman Emperor,
Romulus Augustus (nicknamed
Augustulus "Little Augustus") was deposed by a Germanic
foederati general named
Odoacer. The Eastern Roman Empire finally ceased trying to prop up its Western twin, whose former lands were then divided into numerous
barbarian kingdoms. The last
de jure Western Roman Emperor,
Julius Nepos was murdered in Dalmatia in 480 AD. The last fragment of the Western Empire, the
Domain of Soissons ruled by Duke
Syagrius, was conquered by the Frankish
King Clovis in 486. Roman power continued in the east however, under the rulers of Constantinople. Scholars normally refer to their empire as the
Byzantine Empire, however its inhabitants considered themselves Roman throughout. Recognizable Roman culture continued to exist in the east for another 200 years before the Arab invasions of the
7th Century set off a chain of events that forever changed the face of the
Eastern Roman Empire, and the entity that emerged in the next few centuries is what one might refer to as the true
Medieval Byzantine Empire.
Events
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- Solidus Romulus Augustus-RIC 3406.jpg -
Romulus Augustus, Last Western Roman Emperor
- 399 – 412: The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian sails through the Indian Ocean and travels throughout Sri Lanka and India to gather Buddhist scriptures.
- c. 401: Buddhist monk and translator of sutras, Kumarajiva into Chinese arrives in Chang'an
- Early 5th century – Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna, Italy, is built.
- 406: The west frontier of the Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suevi, Alans, and Vandals cross the frozen Rhine near Mainz, and enter Gaul.
- 407: Constantine III leads many of the Roman military units from Britain to Gaul, occupying Arles (Arelate). This is generally seen as Rome's withdrawal from Britain.
- 410: Rome sacked by Visigoths
- Great Britain is abandoned by the Romans, the Dark Age begins.
- 413: St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo begins to write The City of God.
- c. 430: Ilopango erupted, devastating Mayan cities in present-day El Salvador.
- 439: Vandals conquer Carthage.
- At some point after 440, the Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain. The traditional story is that they were invited there by Vortigern.
- 451: Huns under Attila facing the Romans and the Visigoths are defeated in the Battle of Chalons. (1)
- 452: Metropolis of Aquileia is destroyed by Attila the Hun
- 452: Pope Leo I meets personally with Attila on the Micino River and convinces him not to sack Rome.
- 453: Death of Attila. The Hunnic Empire is divided between his sons.
- 454: Battle of Nedao. Germanic tribes destroy the main Hunnic army and throw off Hunnic domination.
- 455: Vandals sack Rome.
- 455: City of Chichen Itza is founded in Mexico.
- 469: Death of Dengizich, last Khan of the Hunnic Empire.
- 470: Riothamus, King of the Britons, helped the Roman Empire in Brittany against Visigoths.
- 476: August 28: Deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer: traditional date for the Fall of Rome in the West.
- 480: Assassination of Julius Nepos, the last de jure Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, in Dalmatia.
- 481: Clovis I becomes king of the Western Franks upon the death of Childeric I.
- 486: Clovis defeats Syagrius and conquers the last free remnant of the Western Roman Empire.
- 490: Battle of Mount Badon (approximate date). According to legend, British forces led by Arthur defeated the invading Saxons.
- 491: King Clovis I defeats and subjugates the Kingdom of Thuringia in Germany.
- 493: Theodoric the Ostrogoth ousts Odoacer to become king of Italy.
- 494: Northern Gaul is united under Frankish King Clovis I, founder of the Merovingian dynasty.
- 496: Battle of Tolbiac. King Clovis subjugates the Alamanni, and is baptized as a Catholic with a large number of Franks by Remigius, bishop of Reims
- Buddhism reaches Burma and Indonesia.
- African and Indonesian settlers reach Madagascar.
- Hopewell tradition ends in North America.
Significant persons
- Agatharcos, Greek artist
- Aetius, last of the great Roman generals
- Alaric I, king of the Visigoths that sacked Rome
- Aspar, Eastern Roman general and politician
- Attila the Hun, barbarian ruler of the Huns
- Augustine of Hippo, bishop, theologian
- Bahram V, Sassanid Shah of Persia
- Bodhidharma, founder of Chan Buddhism
- Boniface, Roman comes in charge of the province of Africa
- John Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople
- Clovis, first Frankish king to unite the Franks; first barbarian king to convert to Catholicism
- Cyril of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
- Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria
- Faxian, Chinese Buddhist monk
- Geiseric, Vandal king and founder of the Vandal kingdom in North Africa
- Gelasius, bishop of Rome
- Hawaiiloa, discovered and settled Hawaii
- Huiyuan, Chinese Buddhist
- Hypatia of Alexandria, woman philosopher
- Jerome, Christian hermit, priest, Latin translator of Bible and other theological works
- John Cassian, Christian monk and theologian
- Leo I, bishop of Rome
- Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk
- Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, father of Nestorian heresy
- Niall Noigiallach, founder of one of Ireland's greatest dynasties
- Patrick, Catholic bishop, completed the conversion to Christianity in Ireland
- Pelagius, priest from Britain, father of Pelagianism
- Ricimer, Western Roman general, politician and ruler
- Riothamus, King of the Britons, a candidate for the legendary King Arthur
- Rufinus, priest of Aquileia, hermit, Latin translator
- Socrates Scholasticus, Byzantine Church historian
- Sozomen, Christian church historian
- Theoderic the Great, Ostrogothic king
- Yazdegerd I, Sassanid Shah of Persia
- Zu Chongzhi, Chinese astronomer and mathematician
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Other
The
gomphothere, an
elephant-like species, becomes
extinct.
References
-
[Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.]
Decades and years
{{DecadesAndYears}} {{Centuries}}
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5世纪
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- time: 9:32pm EDT - Fri, Mar 19 2010